A  ST.  HELENA 

WHO'S  WHO 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 


ARCHIBALD  ARNOTT,   M.D. 


See  page  si. 


A  ST.  HELENA 
WHO'S  WHO 

OR  A  DIRECTORY  OF  THE  ISLAND 

DURING   THE   CAPTIVITY 

OF  NAPOLEON 


BY 


ARNOLD  gHAPLIN,  M.D.  (cantab.) 

Author  of  The  Illness  and  Death  of  Napoleon,   Thomas  Shortt,  etc. 


NEW  YORK 
E.   P.   DUTTON    AND    COMPANY 

LONDON :  ARTHUR  L.  HUMPHREYS 

1919 


SECOND  EDITION 
REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


PREFACE 

The  first  edition  of  A  St.  Helena  Whos  Wlio  was  limited 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  copies,  for  it  was  felt  that  the 
book  could  appeal  only  to  those  who  were  students  of 
the  period  of  Napoleon's  captivity  in  St.  Helena.  The 
author  soon  found,  however,  that  the  edition  was  insuffi- 
cient to  meet  the  demand,  and  he  was  obliged,  with 
regret,  to  inform  many  who  desired  to  possess  the  book 
that  the  issue  was  exhausted.  In  the  present  edition 
the  original  form  in  which  the  work  appeared  has  been 
retained,  but  fresh  material  has  been  included,  and  many 
corrections  have  been  made  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  render 
the  book  more  useful. 


vu 


CONTENTS 


PAQI 

Introduction  .......  1 

The  Island  or  St.  Helena  and  its  Administration        .  7 

Military      .......  8 

Naval  .......  9 

Civil  .......         10 

The  Population  of  St.  Helena  in  1820  .  .  .15 

The  Expenses  of  Administration  in  St.  Helena  in  1817         15 

The  Residents  at  Longwood         .  .  .  .  .16 

Topography — Principal   Residences  .  .  .  .19 

The  Regiments  in  St.  Helena      .  .  .  .  .22 

The  53rd  Foot  Regiment  (2nd  Battalion)  .  .         22 

The  66th  Foot  Regiment  (2nd  Battalion)  .  .         26 

The  66th  Foot  Regiment  (1st  Battalion)  .  .         29 

The  20th  Foot  Regiment  .  .  .  .  .33 

The  St.  Helena  Regiments  .  .  .  .86 

The  Artillery  and  Engineers      .  .  .  .38 

The  Flag-Ships  stationed  at  St.  Helena  .  .41 

The  St.  Helena  "Who's  Who"  .....         48 

A  Chronological  List  of  Napoleon's  Visitors  in  St.  Helena  .       142 

Chronology  of  the  Events  after  Napoleon's  Death  .153 

The  Construction  of  Napoleon's  Tomb     .  .  .155 

The  Reports  of  the  Post- Mortem  Examination  .  .156 

The  Artists  in  St.  Helena  .  .  .  .  .157 

Sir  Hudson  Lowe  and  the  East  India  Company  .176 

ix 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Tables  of  Longevity  in  St.  Helena         .  .  .  .187 

St.  Helena  Mortality  Tables      .  .  .  .  .190 

The  Case  of  Lieutenant  R.  H.   Rear  don  .  .  .195 

What  Happened  at  Mason's  Stock  House  .  .  .       205 

The  Affidavits  filed  in  the  Case  of  Lowe  v.  O'Meara  210 

Society  in  St.  Helena  during  the  Captivity     .  .  .211 

The  Reverend  Richard  Boys,  Senior  Chaplain  in  St.  Helena        220 
The  Abolition  of  Slavery  in  St.  Helena  .  .  .       233 

The  Manuscripts  relating  to  the  Captivity       .  .  .       235 

Marriages  in  St.  Helena  .....       248 

Index  ........       251 


PORTRAITS 


Archibald  Arnott,  M.D. 

Mrs  Balcombe     . 

William  Balcombe 

Alexander  Baxter,  M.D. 

Rev.  Richard  Boys 

Francis  Burton,  M.D.    . 

Captain  William  Crokat 

Major  Gideon  Gorrequer 

Dr  Walter  Henry 

Major  C.  R.  G.  Hodson 

Mrs  Hodson 

Colonel  John  Mansel,  C.B. 

Rear-Admiral  Robert  Plampin 

Sir  Thomas  Reade 

Lieut.  R.  H.  Reardon 

Captain  C.  B.  H.   Ross 

Thomas  Shortt,  M.D. 

Mrs  Skelton 

James  Verling,  M.D. 

Miss  Laura  Wilks 

Colonel  Mark  Wilks 

Lieut.  Hale  Young  Wortham 


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XI 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

INTRODUCTION 

I  have  ventured  to  print  this  book,  which  contains 
information  concerning  those  who  lived  in  St.  Helena 
during  the  captivity  of  Napoleon,  with  the  hope  that  it 
may  be  found  useful  to  those  students  who  share  with 
me  the  delight  afforded  by  the  study  of  that  period. 

The  book  consists  of  notes  in  expanded  form,  collected 
from  various  sources  in  leisure  hours  extending  over 
many  years.  Although  great  care  has  been  taken  to 
be  accurate,  no  claim  is  made  to  infallibility,  and  doubt- 
less the  experienced  reader  will  note,  here  and  there, 
the  inevitable  errors  and  omissions,  the  correction  of 
which  will  be  valued  by  me  as  a  contribution  to  historical 
accuracy. 

It  is  doubtful  if  any  period  in  the  life  of  any  man 
has  been  so  minutely  recorded  as  that  which  covered 
the  captivity  of  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena.  It  is  no  ex- 
aggeration to  say  that  every  day  is  accounted  for  and, 
during  the  first  thirty  months  of  the  time,  one  might, 
with  almost  equal  truth,  substitute  "hours"  for  "days." 
The  memorialists  and  all  who  were  brought  into  contact 
with  the  Emperor  hastened,  while  the  subject  was  still 
fresh  in  the  memory,  to  commit  to  paper,  impressions, 
remarks,  and  conversations.  Indeed,  during  the  captivity, 
the  residents  in  St.  Helena  were  largely  employed  in 
letter-writing  to  friends  at  home,  and  at  the  present  day 
a  1 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

many  families  have  in  their  possession  treasured  papers 
which  record  the  ideas  and  reflections  of  ancestors,  after 
having  been  honoured  by  a  few  words  addressed  to  them 
by  the  great  Emperor. 

The  difficulties  encountered  in  attempting  to  trace 
the  descendants  of  those  in  St.  Helena,  although  great, 
have  not  been  insurmountable.  Sometimes  success  has 
been  obtained  with  but  little  trouble,  while  sometimes 
after  patient  work  an  impasse  has  been  arrived  at, 
occasioned  by  the  total  lack  of  interest  on  the  part  of 
the  descendants  applied  to.  Sometimes  also  an  excellent 
cold  douche  has  been  administered  to  one's  vanity  when 
the  reply  has  come  from  some  long-sought  person,  some- 
what as  follows : — '*  I  believe  you  are  right  in  your  belief 
that  my  great-uncle  was  in  St.  Helena,  for  I  have  heard 
my  aunt  say  so.  Since  you  are  interested  in  St.  Helena 
you  may  like  to  know  that  Napoleon  was  a  prisoner 
there!" 

Although  it  is  not  contended  that  anything  startling 
will  be  discovered  by  research  of  this  kind,  yet  every 
scrap  of  information  bearing  directly  or  indirectly  on 
the  captivity  of  Napoleon  possesses  some  interest  and, 
though  only  of  the  humble  spade-work  variety,  has  its 
modest  value.  If  research  of  this  kind  be  necessary,  now 
is  the  time,  for  a  hundred  years  have  elapsed  since 
the  captivity  began,  and  those  who  were  in  St.  Helena 
then  are  represented  now  by  the  third  generation.  These, 
the  grandchildren,  are  passing  away  every  year,  and  soon 
few  will  be  left  near  enough  to  have  a  vivid  interest  in 
the  drama  in  which  their  forefathers  took  part. 

For  the  collection  of  portraits  and  particulars  of  those 
connected  with  St.  Helena,  application  has  frequently 
been  made  to  the  descendants,  but  this  mode  of  re- 

2 


INTRODUCTION 

search  has  formed  a  part  only  of  the  basis  on  which 
this  investigation  rests.  The  history  of  the  captivity  of 
Napoleon  is  unique  in  a  way,  for  it  possesses  that  monu- 
ment to  industry  in  the  shape  of  some  ninety  volumes 
of  manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum,  known  as  the 
"Lowe  Papers,"  wherein  almost  every  act  and  word 
connected  with  the  captivity  is  faithfully  recorded.  As 
if  this  were  not  enough,  there  are  twenty-nine  volumes 
in  the  Record  Office  which  fill  in  the  few  gaps  in  the 
"Lowe  Papers."  These  records,  which  must  always  be 
regarded  as  the  only  firm  foundation  upon  which  any 
work  connected  with  St.  Helena,  however  humble,  can 
be  built,  I  have  read  and  used  freely. 

Until  recently  nearly  all  writers  dealing  with  Napoleon 
in  St.  Helena  have  rather  neglected  the  "  Lowe  Papers," 
and  Forsyth's  History  of  tlie  Captivity  founded  on  the 
"Papers"  has  been  accepted  as  an  unbiassed  summary 
of  the  subject.  But  in  1912  my  friend  Mr  G.  L.  de 
St.  M.  Watson  published  A  Polish  Exile  with  Napoleon, 
which  was  based  on  an  exhaustive  analysis  of  the  "  Lowe 
Papers,"  and  he  has  shown  conclusively  that  it  is  by  no 
means  safe  to  accept  blindly  Forsyth's  able  advocacy 
of  the  policy  of  the  British  Authorities.  The  work 
Mr  Watson  has  accomplished  in  his  minute  criticism  of 
the  "  Lowe  Papers  "  is  invaluable,  and  to  him,  in  common 
with  all  students  of  the  captivity,  I  am  deeply  indebted, 
not  only  for  his  book,  but  for  the  ready  way  in  which 
he  has  given  me  the  benefit  of  his  able  criticism  and 
advice. 

It  has  always  appeared  to  me  that  a  small  Directory, 
or  "  Who's  Who,"  of  those  connected  with  the  captivity 
of  Napoleon  would  serve  a  useful  purpose  in  saving  the 
time   and   trouble  required   in  searching  for  names,  or 

3 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

particular  occurrences.  Although  the  "Lowe  Papers" 
are  amply  sufficient  to  inform  us  as  to  the  status  or  line 
of  conduct  of  almost  all  the  residents  in  St.  Helena  at 
that  time,  there  are  no  books  or  records  in  collected  form 
which  tell  us  anything  about  their  careers,  and  if  informa- 
tion be  desired  regarding  any  person  figuring  in  the 
history  of  the  captivity,  a  search  of  some  hours  is  often 
required.  To  supply  this  apparent  want,  therefore,  is  the 
object  of  this  little  work,  and  I  have  endeavoured,  however 
imperfectly,  to  give  short  biographies  of  the  people  con- 
nected with  the  detention  of  Napoleon,  and  to  gather  in 
one  volume  other  information  likely  to  prove  useful  to 
the  student  of  that  period. 

In  addition  to  the  "  Lowe  Papers "  and  the  Colonial 
Office  Records  which  cover  the  period  of  the  captivity,  I 
have  found  various  series  of  documents  in  the  Public 
Record  Office  to  be  of  the  greatest  assistance.  The 
"  Muster  Rolls,"  the  "  Casualty  Returns,"  the  "  Monthly 
States,"  the  "Paymasters'  Books"  and  the  "Services  of 
Officers,"  in  the  War  Office  Series,  have  yielded  much 
information,  and  the  "Muster  Rolls"  of  ships  in  the 
Admiralty  Series  have  proved  to  be  invaluable  in  the 
search  for  passengers  carried  to  and  from  St.  Helena. 
For  facts  concerning  the  St.  Helena  regiments,  the  East 
India  Company's  officials,  and  the  other  residents  in  the 
Island,  use  has  been  made  of  documents  relating  to 
St.  Helena  in  the  India  Office.  These  consist  of  six 
volumes  containing  the  minutes  of  the  weekly  Council 
Meetings  in  St.  Helena  from  1815  to  1821,  and  the  very 
valuable  registers  of  births,  marriages  and  deaths  taking 
place  in  the  Island  from  1767  to  1835. 

To  many  friends  I  am  deeply  grateful  for  the  way  in 
which  they  have  helped  me  during  the  research  required 

4 


INTRODUCTION 

for  this  little  work.  Dr  J.  F.  Silk  has  placed  at  my 
disposal  his  extensive  and  valuable  St.  Helena  collection, 
and  Mr  Norwood  Young  has  afforded  me  great  assist- 
ance. The  fine  St.  Helena  collection  of  the  Rev.  E. 
Brook-Jackson  has  also  been  at  my  service,  and  from 
his  wide  acquaintance  with  the  St.  Helena  period  I  have 
derived  much  help. 

The  twenty-two  portraits  which  illustrate  the  book 
have,  I  believe,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  Colonel 
Wilks,  never  been  published  before,  and  for  permission 
to  reproduce  them  I  desire  to  tender  my  thanks  to  the 
following  owners : — 

Mrs  Agg,  for  the  portrait  of  her  grandfather, 
Dr  Burton. 

Dr  Silk,  for  the  portrait  of  his  great-uncle,  Dr  Baxter. 

Mrs  Arnott-Collington,  for  the  portrait  of  her  uncle, 
Dr  Arnott. 

The  late  Miss  Crokat,  for  the  portrait  of  her  uncle, 
Captain  Crokat. 

Mrs  Emmerton,  for  the  portraits  of  her  grandfather 
and  grandmother,  Mr  and  Mrs  William  Balcombe. 

Mr  Aleyn  Reade,  for  the  portrait  of  Sir  Thomas 
Reade. 

Mrs  Mansel-Pleydell,  for  the  portrait  of  Colonel  John 
Mansel. 

Admiral  F.  R.  Boardman,  C.B.,  for  the  portrait  of 
his  godfather,  Captain  Ross. 

Mr  Orbell  W.  Oakes,  for  the  portrait  of  his  uncle, 
Admiral  Plampin. 

Major  A.  G.  Shortt,  for  the  portrait  of  his  grandfather, 
Dr  Shortt. 

Mr  G.  de  Gorrequer  Griffith,  for  the  portrait  of  Major 
Gorrequer. 

5 


A   ST   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

The  Rev.  Biscoe  Hale  Wortham,  for  the  portrait  of 
his  uncle,  General  Hale  Wortham. 

Mr  Henry  FitzGerald,  for  the  portrait  of  his  great- 
uncle,  Dr  James  Verling. 

Dr  Sankey,  for  the  portrait  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Boys. 

Mr  George  Henry,  for  the  portrait  of  his  father, 
Dr  Walter  Henry. 

Miss  Hodson,  for  the  portraits  of  Colonel  and  Mrs 
Hodson. 

Colonel  Skelton,  for  the  portrait  of  Mrs  Skelton. 

Mr  C.  C.  Reardon  and  Miss  Mackay,  for  the  portrait 
of  their  grandfather,  Captain  Reardon,  and  for  permission 
to  make  use  of  private  papers  in  their  possession. 

A.  C. 


THE  ISLAND   OF  ST.   HELENA  AND 
ITS  ADMINISTRATION 

St.  Helena  was  discovered  by  Juan  de  Nova  Castella, 
a  Portuguese  navigator,  on  May  21st,  1502,  and  gained 
its  name  from  the  fact  that  the  day  of  discovery  was  the 
anniversary  of  the  feast-day  of  Helena,  the  mother  of  the 
Emperor  Constantine.  In  1651  the  East  India  Company 
took  possession  of  the  Island,  and  on  April  3rd,  1661, 
Charles  II.  granted  the  Company  a  Charter.  In  1672  the 
Dutch  gained  possession  of  the  Island,  but  in  the  following 
year  were  driven  out  by  Sir  Richard  Munden  and  Captain 
Keigwin.  On  December  16th,  1673,  Charles  II.  re- 
granted  the  Island  to  the  East  India  Company,  and  in 
their  possession  it  remained  until  1815  when,  having 
been  selected  as  a  residence  for  Napoleon,  an  arrange- 
ment was  made,  by  which  the  Governor  was  to  be 
appointed  by  the  Crown  with  full  powers,  and  the  East 
India  Company  were  to  bear  the  expense,  equivalent  to 
an  average  of  the  three  preceding  years.  The  remainder 
of  the  expense  attendant  upon  the  safe  custody  of 
Napoleon  was  borne  by  the  British  Government. 

After  the  death  of  Napoleon  the  Island  reverted  to 
the  East  India  Company,  and  this  continued  until  April 
22nd,  1834,  when  it  was  taken  over  by  the  British 
Government. 

An  excellent  account  of  St.  Helena  will  be  found  in 
The  History  of  St.  Helena,  by  T.  H.  Brooke,  published 
in  1808  and  1824,  and  in  St.  Helena,  the  Historic  Isle,  by 
E.  L.  Jackson.     Ward,  Lock  &  Co.,  1903. 

7 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S    WHO 

With  the  advent  of  Napoleon,  many  new  naval  and 
military  posts  were  created,  and  the  following  is  a  list 
of  those  who  held  the  various  positions  in  the  adminis- 
tration : — 


Military 


Governor. 


Deputy  Adjutant-General. 

Military  Secretary. 

Aide-de-Camp. 
Inspector    of    Coasts     and 
Volunteers. 

Deputy  Inspector  of  Hos- 
pitals. 

General  Officer  Command- 
ing the  Troops. 


Brigade-Major. 

In       command 

Engineers. 


of      the 


Sir   Hudson   Lowe,   g.c.b., 

Lt.- General. 
Sir    Thomas    Reade,    c.b., 

Lt. -Colonel. 
Edward  B.  Wynyard,  Lt.- 

Colonel. 
Gideon  Gorrequer,  Major. 


Thomas        Lyster, 
Colonel. 


Lt.. 


Dr  Alexander  Baxter,  who 
was  succeeded  in  1820  by 
Dr  Thomas  Shortt. 

Sir  George  Ridout  Bing- 
ham, k.c.b.,  Brigadier- 
General.  He  left  on  May 
30th,  1819,  and  on 
August  23rd,  1820, 
Brigadier-General  John 
Pine-Coffin  arrived  to 
take  command. 

Charles  Harrison,  Captain. 

Anthony  Emmett,  Major. 


THE   ISLAND   OF   ST.    HELENA 

In       command       of      the 

Artillery.  James  Power,  Major. 

In       command       of      the 

Dragoons.  J.  W.  Hoath,  Cornet. 

Of  the  Staff  Corps.  Basil  Jackson,  Lieutenant. 

Orderly  Officers  at  Longwood — 

Captain  T.  W.  Poppleton,  53rd  Regiment.  From 
December  10th,  1815,  to  July  24th,  1817. 

Captain  Henry  Pierce  Blakeney,  66th  Regiment. 
From  July  25th,  1817,  to  July  16th,  1818. 

Lt. -Colonel  Thomas  Lyster,  Inspector  of  Coasts  and 
Volunteers.     From  July  16th  to  July  25th,  1818. 

Captain  H.  P.  Blakeney.  From  July  25th  to  Septem- 
ber 5th,  1818. 

Captain  George  Nicholls,  66th  Regiment.  From 
September  5th,  1818,  to  February  9th,  1820. 

Captain  Engelbert  Lutyens,  20th  Regiment.  From 
February  10th,  1820,  to  April  26th,  1821. 

Captain  William  Crokat,  20th  Regiment.  From 
April  26th  to  May  6th,  1821. 

Naval 

admirals  in  command  of  the  st.  helena  station 

Sir  George  Cockburn,  Rear-     Arrived  October  15th,  1815, 
Admiral.  in    the    Northumberland 

(Capt.       Ross).         Left 
June  19th,  1816. 
Sir      Pulteney      Malcolm,     Arrived   June    17th,   1816, 
Rear- Admiral.  in  the   Newcastle  (Capt. 

Meynell).     Left  July  4th, 


1817. 


9 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Robert      Plampin,      Rear-     Arrived  July  20th,  1817,  in 
Admiral.  the      Conqueror     (Capt. 

Davie).     Left  July  20th, 
1820. 
Robert      Lambert,      Rear-     Arrived  July  14th,  1820,  in 
Admiral.  the  Vigo  (Capt.  Brown). 

Left     September     11th, 
1821. 

Civil 

The  Civil  Administration  of  the  Island  was  vested  in 
the  hands  of  the  Governor,  and  two  Members  of  Council, 
but  in  addition  there  were  ex  officio  members  of  the 
Council.  The  two  Members  of  Council  held  the  two 
most  lucrative  posts  in  the  administration,  under  the 
H.E.I.C.,  viz.  Paymaster  and  Accountant,  each  carrying 
a  salary  of  £1400.  The  other  salaried  positions  in  the 
East  India  Company's  service  were  held  by  officials  who 
were  divided  up  into  four  grades,  viz.  "  Senior  Merchants," 
"  Junior  Merchants,"  "  Factors,"  and  "  Writers." 

The  following  is  a  list  of  those  who  held  the  various 
salaried  positions  during  the  captivity : — 

Governor — 

Sir  Hudson  Lowe 

Members  of  Council — 

Sir  William  Webber  Doveton.    Paymaster.    Resigned 

in  1817. 
Robert  Leech.      Accountant.     Died  January  12th, 

1818. 
Thomas  Henry  Brooke.     Secretary  to  the  Council. 
Appointed  May  21st,  1818. 

10 


THE   ISLAND   OF   ST.    HELENA 

Thomas  Greentree.     Storekeeper.     Appointed  May 

10th,  1819. 
Sir  George  Bingham  was   an  unofficial  Member  of 

Council,  but  the  H.E.I.C.  refused  to  confirm  the 

appointment.    Appointed  May  21st,  1818.    Retired 

May  10th,  1819. 

Senior  Merchants — 

Gabriel  Doveton.     Died  February  19th,  1816. 
John  De  Fountain.     Dismissed  the  Service. 
John  Mason.     Died  December  9th,  1815. 
B.  A.  Wright.     Acting  Accountant. 
Richard  Huddart  Leech.     Died  1817. 

Junior  Merchants — 

David  Kay.     Pensioned  in  1817.     Died  August  7th, 

1820. 
John  Kay.     Deputy  Secretary.     Pensioned  in  1817. 

Died  March  15th,  1820. 
George  Blenkens.     Deputy  Paymaster. 
Robt.  Francis  Seale.     Deputy  Storekeeper. 
Anthony  Beale.     First  Assistant  Paymaster. 

Factors — 

George  Voteur  Lambe.     First  Assistant  Storekeeper. 

Died  July  2nd,  1848. 
Nathaniel    Kennedy.      Deputy    Accountant.      Died 

1823. 
Charles  Blake.     First  Assistant  Secretary. 
David    L.    Leech.      Assistant     Accountant.      Died 

August  2nd,  1820. 

Writers — 

W.  H.  Seale.     Second  Assistant  Accountant.     Died 

1834. 
Thomas  P.  Hollis.     Retired  in  1816. 

11 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Thomas  B.  Brooke. 
R.  Brooke. 
John  Young. 
John  G.  Doveton. 

Judges  and  Magistrates — 
Sir  W.  W.  Doveton. 
Robert  Leech. 
T.  H.  Brooke. 
Thomas  Greentree. 

Judge  Advocate — 

Major  C.  R.  G.  Hodson.     Died  1858. 

Town  Majors — 

Capt.  John  Barnes.     Died  1817. 

Capt.  Thomas  J.  B.  Cole.     Died  June  4th,  1827. 

Superintendent  of  Police — 

Thomas  Rainsford.     Died  1817. 

In  Charge  of  Telegraphs — 

Capt.  Henry  Huff  Pritchard.     Died  June  8th,  1828. 

Superintendent  of  the  H.E.I.C.'s  Lands — 

Henry  Porteous.     Died  June  23rd,  1819.     Succeeded 
in  1819  by  A.  A.  Seale. 

Postmaster — 

Joseph  Cole.     Appointed  June,  1815.     Died  1835. 

The  Company's  Farmer — 
Thomas  Breame. 

The  Company's  Gardener — 
Edward  Charlton. 

Gaoler — 

Charles  Weston.     Died  1832. 

12 


MRS.    BALCOMBK 


See  page  S- 


THE   ISLAND   OF   ST.    HELENA 

Superintendents  of  Public  Sales — 

William  Balcombe.     Appointed  in  1807. 
William  Fowler.     Appointed  in  1818. 

Master  Attendant — 
William  Brabazon. 

Steward  of  Stores — 
D.  Brockway. 

Foreman  of  Works — 
Daniel  Smith. 

Register  Master — 
Thos.  Dutton. 

Boat  Builder — 
John  Adams. 

Chaplains — 

Senior :  Rev.  Richard  Boys. 

Junior :  Rev.  Bowater  James  Vernon. 

School  Establishment — 
Revs.  Boys  and  Vernon. 
J.  M'Daniel. 
John  Norcross  Firmin. 
Henry  Kay. 

Medical  Establishment. 
S  uperintendents — 

David  Kay.    Retired  Feb.  10th,  1820.     Died  1833. 

Matthew  Livingstone.     Appointed  Assistant  Surgeon 
April  13th,  1816.     Died  1821. 

Surgeons — 

Robt.  Crout.     Appointed  June  1815.     Died  1817. 
George  Mead.    Appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  August 

7th,  1815.     Died  August  29th,  1826. 
J.  Cruikshank.     Appointed  June  19th,  1815. 

13 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 


Assistant  Surgeons — 

John  Mellis.     Died  1820. 

John  Hammond.    Appointed  June  19th,  1815.     Died 

March  8th,  1822. 
F.  Cole. 
John  Price. 
Gordon  Lorimer. 
Thomas  Harrington. 

The  salaries  attaching  to  the  various  posts  held  by 
those  in  the  employ  of  the  East  India  Company,  as 
Senior  and  Junior  Merchants,  Factors,  and  Writers,  were 
as  follows : — 


Paymaster       .... 

£ 
1400 

Accountant  and  Secretary 

1400 

Storekeeper     .... 

1000 

Acting  Accountant 

1000 

Deputy  Storekeeper 

600 

Deputy  Secretary    . 

500 

Deputy  Paymaster . 

500 

Deputy  Accountant 

500 

1st  Assistant  Paymaster 

350 

1st  Assistant  Storekeeper 

350 

1st  Assistant  Secretary    . 

350 

Assistant  Accountant 

350 

2nd  Assistant  Storekeeper 

300 

2nd  Assistant  Accountant 

300 

(References:  "Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,240,  f.  74;  "East 
India  Register,"  1814-1836;  "St.  Helena  Council 
Minutes " ;  "  Register  of  Births,  Marriages  and 
Deaths,"  India  Office.) 

14 


THE   ISLAND   OF   ST.   HELENA 

The  Population  of  St.  Helena  in  1820 


Whites 

.     3534 

Slaves 

.     1156 

Chinese          .... 

.       481 

Free  Blacks  .... 
Lascars           .... 

.       613 
33 

5817 

Troops 

.     1488 

H.E.I.C.'s  Troops 

.       698 

2181 

Total  Population 

. 

7998 

("  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,240,  ff.  131-132.) 


The  Expenses  of  Administration 

in  St.  Helena 

in  1817 

£ 

Allowances 1,742 

Expenses  of  Blacks 

.       1,351 

Labour  Charges    . 

1,040 

Fortification  . 

7,891 

Garrison  Charges  . 

.  206,015 

Hospitals 

1,120 

Medicines 

,       1,975 

Marine  Department 

.       1,821 

Plantations    . 

.       5,347 

Repairs 

2,414 

Seeds     .... 

105 

Longwood,  Repairs 

.       1,176 

Napoleon's  Expenses 

,     11,678 

Total 

£243,675 

("Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,240,  f.  88.) 
15 


THE  RESIDENTS  AT  LONGWOOD 

Napoleon. 

Count  Bertrand.     Remained  the  whole  time. 
Countess  Bertrand.        „  „ 

Napoleon  Bertrand.       „  „ 

Henri  Bertrand.  „  „ 

Hortense  Bertrand.       „  „ 

Arthur  Bertrand.     Born  during  the  captivity. 
Count  de  Montholon.     Remained  the  whole  time. 
Countess  de  Montholon.     Left  July  2nd,  1819. 
Tristan  de  Montholon.  „  „ 

Napoleone  de  Montholon.       „  „ 

Count  de  Las  Cases.     Left  December  30th,  1816. 
Emanuel  de  Las  Cases.  „  „ 

Baron  Gourgaud.     Left  March  14th,  1818. 
Cipriani.     Maitre  d'Hotel.     Died  February  26th,  1818. 
Marchand.     1st  Valet.     Remained  the  whole  time. 
St.  Denis.     2nd  Valet.  „  „ 

Noverraz.     3rd  Valet.  „  „ 

Archambault.     The  coachman.   „  „ 

Pierron.     The  butler.  „  „ 

Josephine  Brule.     Maid  to  Mme.  Montholon.     Married 

Noverraz,  and  remained  the  whole  time. 
Santini.     The  usher.     Left  October  19th,  1816. 
Archambault.     The  groom        „  „ 

Rousseau.     The  lampiste.  „  „ 

16 


THE   RESIDENTS   AT   LONGWOOD 

Lepage.     The  cook.     Left  June  8th,  1818. 
Gentilini.     Footman.     Left  October  4th,  1820. 
Juliette.     Wife  of  Gentilini.     Left  October  4th,  1820. 
Heymann,  Bernard.     Servant  to  the  Bertrands.     Left 

June  8th,  1818. 
Heymann's   Wife  and   Daughter.     Servants  to  the 

Bertrands.     Left  June  8th,  1818. 
O'Meara.     Surgeon.     Left  Longwood  July  25th,  1818. 
Piontkowski.       Arrived    December    29th,  1815.     Left 

October  19th,  1816. 
Hall,  Mary.     Madame  St.  Denis.     Arrived  June  26th, 

1818.  Remained  to  the  end. 

Antommarchi.       Surgeon.       Arrived   September  20th, 

1819.  Remained  to  the  end. 

Vignali.     The  Priest.     Arrived  September  20th,  1819. 

Remained  to  the  end. 
Buonavita.      The    Priest.      Arrived    September    20th, 

1819.     Left  March  17th,  1821. 
Chandelier.      Cook.      Arrived  September  20th,  1819. 

Remained  to  the  end. 
Coursot.       Butler.       Arrived    September    20th,    1819. 

Remained  to  the  end. 
Bouges.     Servant  to  the  Bertrands.     Arrived  in  1818. 

Remained  to  the  end. 
Laroche.     The  cook.     Arrived  July  11th,  1818,  and  left 

March  3rd,  1819. 
The  Graafes.     Husband  and  wife,  employed  as  valet 

and  femme  de  chambre  to  the  Bertrands. 

Jeanette.     French  female  cook. 

Patrick  Raven.     Servant  to  the  Montholons. 

Esther  Vesey.     Servant  to  the  Montholons. 
b  17 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

William  Ridsdale.     Employed  to  clean  the  silver. 
Mrs  Dickson. 


Mrs  Kaye. 

Mrs  Goodson. 
Mrs  Quilton. 
Mrs  Lowden. 


Maternity  nurses   to    the    Countesses 
Bertrand  and  Montholon. 


In  addition  there  were  about  twenty  others  employed 
around  the  house,  each  at  a  salary  of  £40  per  annum. 


18 


TOPOGRAPHY— PRINCIPAL  RESIDENCES 


Longwood. — Situated   about   1800   feet  above  sea-level. 
In  extent,  including  Dead  wood,  about  1500  acres. 

Highest  Points  in  St.  Helena. — Diana's  Peak,  2697  feet. 
Cuckold's  Point,  2677  feet.   Halley's  Mount,  2467  feet. 

Principal  Distances  in  St.  Helena. — 

From  Jamestown  to  The  Briars,  1  mile. 

Alarm  House,  2  miles  7  furlongs. 
Hutt's  Gate,  3  miles  5  furlongs. 
Longwood,  4  miles  6  furlongs. 
Arno's  Vale,  4  miles  3  furlongs. 
Francis  Plain,  4  miles  3  furlongs. 
Level  Wood,  6  miles  3  furlongs. 
Rosemary  Hall,  4  miles  4  furlongs. 
Sandy  Bay,  9  miles  1  furlong. 
Powell's     Valley,    7    miles     6 
furlongs. 
„  „  Country    Church,    3    miles     2 

furlongs. 
From  Longwood  to  Plantation  House,  3   miles  5 
furlongs. 


The  Principal  Residences  in  St.  Helena 
Plantation  House. — The  residence  of  the  Governor. 
The  Castle. — The  offices  of  the  Government  in  Jamestown. 
Longwood. — The  residence  of  Napoleon,   and   formerly 
occupied  by  the  Lt.  Governor. 

19 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Longwood  New  House. — Close  to  Longwood,  and  built 
for  Napoleon,  but  never  occupied  by  him. 

Bertrands  Villa. — Close  to  Longwood ;  the  residence  of 
General  Bertrand. 

The  Briars. — The  residence  of  William  Balcombe. 
Napoleon  lived  in  an  adjacent  pavilion  until  December 
10th,  1815,  when  he  removed  to  Longwood.  After 
Balcombe  left,  Admirals  Plampin  and  Lambert 
established  themselves  there. 

Rosemary  Hall. — Formerly  the  residence  of  Mr  W. 
Wrangham,  but  occupied  by  Baron  Sturmer  and 
Count  Balmain. 

Knollcombe. — Occupied  by  Sir  George  and  Lady  Bingham, 
and  afterwards  by  General  and  Mrs  Pine-Coffin. 

Hutts  Gate. — A  small  house  occupied  by  the  Bertrands 
until  "  Bertrand's  Villa  "  at  Longwood  was  built. 

Ibbetsons  House. — Opposite  Hutt's  Gate  and  occupied 
by  Denzil  Ibbetson  during  the  captivity. 

The  House  of  Mr  Porteous. — Next  to  the  Castle  in 
Jamestown.  Napoleon  slept  here  the  first  night 
after  arrival.  It  was  much  used  by  the  officers  on 
the  Naval  Station  as  a  lodging-house,  and  the 
Marquis  Montchenu  also  lived  there. 

Andrew  Eyre's  Boarding- House. — Situated  in  James- 
town, and  much  frequented  by  sea  captains. 

Alarm  House. — Occupied  by  Colonel  and  Mrs  Wynyard. 
Sir  Thomas  Reade  also  resided  here  at  times,  but  he 
also  had  quarters  in  Jamestown. 

Mount  Pleasant,  Sandy  Bay. — The  residence  of  Sir 
William  Doveton.  Napoleon  paid  two  visits  to 
this  house,  and  on  October  4th,  1820,  had  breakfast 
there. 

20 


TOPOGRAPHY— PRINCIPAL   RESIDENCES 

High    Peak. — Here  was   established    the    Hospital    for 

Naval  Invalids. 
Castle  of  Otranto. — The  residence  of  Major  Seale. 
Prospect  House. — The  residence  of  Mr  T.  H.  Brooke. 
Smith's  Gate  House. — The  residence  of  the  Rev.  Mr  Boys. 
Horse  Pasture  Farm. — The  house  of  Mr  Knipe  and  his 

daughter,  "Le  Bouton  de  Rose." 
High  Knoll. — The  residence  of  Mr  Robert  Leech. 
Maldivia. — The  residence  of  Colonel  Hodson. 
Fairyland. — The  residence  of  Mr  Thomas  Greentree. 
Chubb 's    Springs.  —  The    residence    of    Captain    James 

Bennett. 
The  Hutt.  —  The    house    of    John    Robinson    and    his 

daughter,  "The  Nymph." 
Oakbank. — For  a  time  the  residence  of  Major  Hodson. 
Friars  Lodge. — The  residence  of  Mr  Baker. 
Oaklands. — The  residence  of  Mr  Fowler. 
Green  Hill. — The  residence  of  Mr  Alexander. 
Orange  Grove. — The  residence  of  Miss  Mason. 
Half  Moon  Farm. — The  Farm  of  Richard  Knipe. 

Besides  the  above  were  the  houses  of  the  Pritchards, 
the  Torbetts,  the  Wrights,  the  Lambes,  and  the  Beales, 
viz.  Rural  Retreat,  Rockrose  Hill,  Walbro  Cottage,  and 
Woodlands.  The  military  camps  were  situated  at  Dead- 
wood,  Francis  Plain,  Lemon  Valley,  and  Jamestown. 


21 


THE  REGIMENTS  IN  ST.   HELENA 

53rd  Foot  Regiment 
(2nd  Battalion) 

ITS   HISTORY   SO   FAR   AS   ST.    HELENA    IS   CONCERNED 

This  regiment  embarked  on  board  the  Bucephalus, 
Ceylon,  and  Havannah.  The  light  company  had  been 
embarked  on  board  the  Northumberland,  but  on  August 
7th,  1815,  on  the  arrival  of  the  ships  in  Torbay,  this 
company,  under  the  command  of  Captain  R.  C.  Mansel, 
was  removed  to  the  Havannah.  On  the  evening  of 
August  8th,  the  Northumberland,  with  the  three  other 
ships,  set  sail  for  St.  Helena.  The  Bucephalus  arrived  on 
October  19th,  the  Havannah  on  the  17th,  and  the  Ceylon 
on  the  27th. 

The  2nd,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th,  and  the  light  infantry 
companies  were  placed  in  barracks  at  Jamestown,  but 
they  removed  on  October  27th  to  Hutt's  Gate,  and  their 
place  at  Jamestown  was  taken  by  the  1st,  3rd,  and  4th 
companies  from  the  Ceylon.  The  next  day,  however, 
these  companies  removed  to  Hutt's  Gate,  and  the  whole 
regiment  removed  to  Deadwood  Camp  on  November 
3rd,  1815. 

On  May  6th,  1816,  a  detachment  arrived  from  England 
on  board  the  Adamant,  consisting  of  twenty-eight  men, 
with  Colonel  Mansel,  Captain  Fuller,  and  Ensigns  J. 
Sweney,  George  Despard,  C.  B.  Morgan,  Robt.  Hatch, 
and  Surgeon  Robert  Leaver.  In  June,  1817,  it  was 
decided  to  reduce  the  2nd  Battalion,  and  on  July  28rd 

22 


THE   REGIMENTS    IN   ST.   HELENA 


those  to  be  disbanded  sailed  in  the  Moira  for  England, 
while  those  who  had  elected  to  join  the  1st  Battalion 
in  India  sailed  in  the  Baring  on  July  29th.  The  2nd 
Battalion  was  finally  reduced  on  October  1st,  1817,  and 
the  officers  were  placed  on  half-pay  on  December  25th, 
but  a  small  contingent  was  left  in  St.  Helena  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant  James  Trevenen. 

Residence  in  India,  which  followed  that  of  St.  Helena, 
caused  many  fatalities  in  the  ranks  of  the  officers. 

The  following  officers  served  with  the  2nd  Battalion 
in  St.  Helena : — 
Lt. -Colonel — 
John  Mansel,  c.b. 


Major — 

Oliver  G.  Fehrzen. 


Captains — 
Robt.  Younghusband. 


Charles  Harrison. 


23 


In  command  of  the  regi- 
ment. Arrived  on  May 
6th,  1816,  and  left  in 
January,  1817.  Diedl863. 

In  command  of  the  bat- 
talion until  March  18th, 
1816,  when  he  left  for 
the  Cape.  He  was  again 
in  command  from  Jan- 
uary to  July,  1817.  He 
died  in  India,  January 
19th,  1820. 

Commanded  the  battalion 
during  the  absence  of 
Fehrzen.     Died  1858. 

Brigade  Major.  Trans- 
ferred to  the  20th  Regi- 
ment, and  retired  from 
the  Army  in  1838. 


A   ST.    HELENA  WHO'S    WHO 


John  Fernandez. 
J.  R.  Mackay. 

T.  W.  Poppleton. 

Robt.  C.  Mansel. 

F.  H.  Fuller. 

Lieutenants — 
Thos.  Impett. 
Geo.  Fitzgerald. 

James  Trevenen. 


Wm.  Harrison. 
W.  Portbury. 


John  Fraser. 
Robt.  Macalpine. 
Michael  Nagle. 
Chas.  Williams. 
G.  S.  Jeffery. 
Cope  Williams. 

Ensigns — 

James  Stewart. 


Died  1824. 

Died  in  India,  June  17th, 
1818. 

Orderly  Officer  at  Long- 
wood.     Died  1827. 

Brother  of  the  Colonel. 
Died  1864. 

Arrived  May  6th,  1816. 
Died  1865. 

Died  1833. 

Died  in  India,  February 
10th,  1818. 

In  command  of  the  con- 
tingent left  in  St.  Helena. 
Left  the  Island,  July 
26th,  1819,  in  the  Provi- 
dence.    Died  1858. 

Joined  the  battalion  in  1817, 
and  was  in  command  of 
the  detachment  for  India. 
Died  there,  January  30th, 
1819. 

Died  1875. 

Died  October  17th,  1826. 

Died  1841. 

Retired  1827. 
Died  1835. 


Died  1848. 


24 


WILLIAM   HALCOMBL 


See  page  53. 


THE   REGIMENTS    IN   ST.    HELENA 


John  Ingleby. 

Ed.  W.  Browne. 
H.  F.  Davis. 

James  Sweney. 

Robt.  Thos.  Greene. 
George  Despard. 

Robt.  Hatch. 

C.  B.  Morgan. 

Adjutant — 
John  Wilton. 

Quartermaster — 
Robt.  Blakie. 

Paymaster — 
John  Maclean. 

Surgeons — 
Peter  Papps. 


Died    in    India,   June   4th, 

1818. 
Died  1834. 
Died  1821. 
Arrived    May     6th,    1816. 

Died  January  1st,  1846. 

Arrived    May    6th,     1816. 

Retired  1828. 
Arrived    May     6th,    1816. 

Died  1835. 
Arrived     May    6th,    1816. 

Died  1829. 

Died  at  Bangalore,  August 
28th,  1820. 

Died  in  India,  March  25th, 
1822. 

Died  1829. 

Left  in  May,  1816.  Died 
at  Trichinopoly,  October 
7th,  1818. 

Died  December  19th,  1827. 

Arrived     May    6th,    1816. 
Retired  in  1831. 
Charles  Maclean.  Died  1865. 

(References:  "Muster  Rolls,"  "Casualty  Lists"  and 
"Half-Pay  Lists,"  Record  Office;  "Army  Lists"; 
History  oftJie  53?d  Regiment,  Rogerson.) 

25 


J.  W.  Dunn. 

Robt.  Leaver. 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

66th  Foot  Regiment 
(2nd  Battalion) 

This  battalion  of  the  66th  Foot  Regiment  arrived 
in  St.  Helena  from  England  between  April  20th  and 
May  13th,  1816,  in  the  transports — David,  Martha, 
Retriever,  Amity,  Abeona,  Queen,  Regulus  (arriving  on 
May  13th),  Barossa,  Berwick,  and  West  Indian  (arriving 
April  20th),  Adamant  (on  May  6th),  and  the  Hassareen 
(on  May  4th).  It  was  quartered  in  Jamestown  until  the 
arrival  of  the  1st  Battalion  from  India,  in  July,  1817, 
when  it  was  ordered  home  for  reduction.  Many  of  the 
officers  and  men  were  then  placed  on  half-pay,  but  many 
elected  to  stay  on  in  the  Island,  and  were  enrolled  in  the 
1st  Battalion. 

The  following  officers  came  to  St.  Helena  with  the 
2nd  Battalion : — 


Lt.-Colonel — 
Daniel  Dodgin. 

Majors — 

William  Parke. 


J.  J.  Seelinger. 

Captains — 

H.  P.  Blakeney. 


S.  Turton. 


Died  in  1837. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember 25th,  1825.  Re- 
tired 1826. 

Died  at  Hambledon,  June 
18th,  1819. 

Left  the  Island  in  1820. 
Orderly  Officer  at  Long- 
wood.  Died  at  Chelten- 
ham, January  7th,  1823. 

Died  on  November  22nd, 
1816. 


26 


THE   REGIMENTS   IN   ST.     IELENA 
J.  P.  Rose. 


S.  C.  Morris. 

T.  B.  Hickin. 
Alex.  Macpherson. 

H.  Thompson. 

Lieutenants — 
Chas.  M'Carthy. 

W.  Kingsmill. 

Augustus  Nicolls. 

Robt.  G.  Johnston. 


Wm.  Thornton  Servantes. 


Henry  Duncan  Dodgin. 


Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember, 1817.  Died 
1849. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember, 1817.  Retired 
in  1888. 

Transferred  to  29th  Foot. 
Died  1842. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember, 1817.  Died 
1819. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember, 1817. 


Joined  the  1st  Battalion. 
Retired  in  1843. 

Joined  the  1st  Battalion. 
Died  1858. 

Joined  the  1st  Battalion. 
Placed  on  half-pay,  Feb- 
ruary, 1820. 

Joined  the  1st  Battalion. 
Left  July  8th,  1819,  in 
the  Dunira.  Placed  on 
half-pay,  November,  1819. 
Died  1846. 

Joined  the  1st  Battalion. 
Placed  on  half-pay,  Sep- 
tember, 1819.  Died 
1855. 

Transferred  to  20th  Foot. 
Retired  in  1889. 


27 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 


P.  J.  Douglas. 
G.  B.  Shipley. 

A.  W.  Birmingham. 


W.  C.  Bagnall. 
John  Clark. 


Died  1827. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember, 1817.   Died  1828. 

Dismissed  the  Service  in 
May,  1816.  Left  the 
Island  some  months 
later. 

Died  1821. 

Left  April  5th,  1818,  in  the 
Atlas.  Placed  on  half- 
pay,  August,  1818.  Died 
1865. 


Ensigns — 

Thomas  Chatterton. 


William  Harford. 

Fred  Croad. 

Wm.  Henry  Wardell. 
Daniel  Benjamin  Town- 
send  Dodgin. 

Robt.  Macdougall. 

F.  J.  Haynes. 


Left  November  9th,  1817, 
in  the  Abeona.  Placed 
on  half-pay,  March,  1818. 
Died  at  Cherbourg,  April 
2nd,  1836. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  July, 
1818.     Retired  1826. 

Joined  20th  Foot.  Retired 
in  1845. 

Died  1880. 

Son  of  the  Colonel.  Joined 
1st  Battalion.  Died  1839. 

Drowned  while  fishing,  De- 
cember 14th,  1818. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  No- 
vember, 1817.  Died  in 
St.  Helena,  April  20th, 
1822. 


28 


THE   REGIMENTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 


Adjutant — 
W.  M.  Gilbert. 


Surgeons — 
Francis  Leigh. 

George  Dunlop. 


Hugh  Cunningham. 


Paymaster — 
Thos.  Lediard. 


Left  April  13th,  1818,  in 
the  ThalUa.  Died  at  St. 
Servan,  November  19th, 
1826. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  Decem- 
ber, 1817.     Died  1839. 

Transferred  to  29th  Foot 
in  1 820.  Left  September 
12th,  1819,  in  the  Hyaena. 
Died  1827. 

Arrived  1818.  Placed  on 
half-pay,  January,  1819. 
Died  1826. 

Placed  on  half-pay,  De- 
cember, 1817.  Died 
April  4th,  1855. 


66th  Regiment 
(1st  Battalion) 

This  battalion  arrived  from  India  between  June  27th 
and  July  5th,  1817,  in  the  Caesar  (June  27th),  Catherine 
Griffiths  (June  30th),  Dorah  (July  3rd),  and  the  Moira 
(July  5th).  A  wing  of  the  regiment,  some  500  strong, 
removed  to  Deadwood  to  take  the  place  of  the  53rd 
Regiment,  which  had  been  sent  to  India.  In  February, 
1820,  this  wing  in  turn  gave  place  to  the  20th  Foot  at 
Deadwood,  and  returned  to  Jamestown  and  Francis 
Plain.  On  April  29th,  1819,  a  detachment  of  about  400 
men  left  the  Island  for  England  in  the  Oromocto. 

29 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 


The  following  officers  were  in  St.  Helena  with  the 
regiment : — 


Lt.- Colonel — 
Charles  Nicol. 


Major — 

Edmund  Lascelles. 


Captains — 
James  Baird. 


Anthony  Richards. 


T.  B.  Dunn. 


Left  the  Island,  February 
25th,  1818,  in  the  William 
Pitt.  Returned  February 
29th,  1820,  in  the  Camel, 
and  came  home  finally  in 
the  Camel,  May  27th, 
1821.     Died  1850. 


Commanded  the  regiment 
from  September  13th  to 
November  12th,  1817, 
and  from  February  25th 
to  October  23rd,  1818. 
Left  the  Island  on  Octo- 
ber 29th,  1818.  Returned 
on  March  7th,  1820,  in 
the  London.    Died  1851. 


Left  the  Island,  April  29th, 
1819,  in  the  Oromocto. 
Retired  1838. 

Arrived  March  14th,  1819, 
in  the  Eurydice.  Left 
the  Island  in  1820.  Re- 
tired 1823. 

Arrived  August  21st,  1819, 
in  the  Abundance.  Died 
1823. 


30 


THE   REGIMENTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 


Peter  Duncan. 


J.  H.  Ellis. 
Wm.  Dunbar. 
George  Nicholls. 


G.  L.  Goldie. 


Lieutenants — 
Wm.  Davy. 

Jno.  L'Estrange. 
T.  H.  Moffett 
John  Codd. 


R.  H.  Reardon. 

John  Ellis. 
James  Roberts. 

John  Usher. 


Left  October  9th,  1818,  in 
the  Racoon,  Returned  in 
the  Camel,Februa,ry  29th, 
1820.      Retired  in  1838. 

Retired  1831. 

Arrived  in  1821.  Died  1833. 

Orderly  Officer  at  Long- 
wood.  Arrived  June 
26th,  1818,  in  the  Lady 
Carrington.  Left  Sep- 
tember 12th,  1820,  in  the 
Hyazna.     Died  1857. 

Arrived  June  26th,  1818, 
in  the  Lady  Carrington. 
Died  1863. 

Drowned  while  fishing,  De- 
cember, 14th  1818. 


Left  the  Island,  September 
28th,  1819,  in  the  Coquette. 
Died  1826. 

Left  October  29th,  1818. 
Died  1847. 

Died  at   Moulmein,   1841. 

Left  June  8th,  1818,  in  the 
General  Kyd. 

Arrived  Nov.  9th,  1817,  in 
the  Abeona.  Left  Nov- 
ember, 1818.  Returned 
August  21st,  1819,  in  the 
Abundance,  and  remained 
to  the  end.    Died  1868. 


31 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 


John  Donelan. 


John  Garstin. 


William  Rhynd. 


Apollos  Morris. 
Hamilton  Edmunds. 


Thomas  Mack. 


Wm.  Snow. 
F.  A.  Gould. 


Quartermaster — 
John  Stephens. 

Adjutant — 
W.  Mackenzie. 


Arrived      November     9th, 

1817,  in  the  A  beona.  Left 
the  Island  on  April  29th, 
1819.     Died  1839. 

Left  the   Island  on   April 

29th,  1819. 
Left  the   Island    on   April 

29th,  1819.     Died  April 

4th,  1829. 
Died  1826. 
Arrived      December     3rd, 

1818,  in  the  David. 
Became  Barrack-Master 
at  Hounslow.   Died  1870. 

Arrived  December  31st, 
1817,  in  the  Marquis  of 
Wellington.  Died  1819, 
after  leaving  St.  Helena. 

Joined  47th  Foot  in  1820. 

Arrived  in  1818.  Left 
January  26th,  1820,  in  the 
Nautilus.    Died  1877. 


Ensigns — 

W.  A.  Turner. 

Thomas  Rainsford. 


Arrived  August  21st,  1819, 

in  the  Abundance. 
Joined    in    1819.     Retired 

1844. 


32 


THE   REGIMENTS    IN   ST.    HELENA 


Philip  Ditmas. 


Angus  De  Fountain. 
John  Ward. 

Charles  Cook. 

Surgeons — 
Matthew  Heir. 

Francis  Burton. 

Walter  Henry. 
Thomas  Laidlaw. 


Paymaster — 
John  Kerr. 


Arrived  August  21st,  1819, 
in  the  Abundance.  Re- 
tired 1839. 

Joined  in  1820.    Died  1825. 

Arrived  in  1821,  Died 
1878. 

Arrived  in  1821. 

Left  April  29th,1819.  Died 
December  8th,  1849. 

Arrived  March  31st,  1821. 
Died  1828. 

Died  1860. 

Arrived  in  1818.  Died 
1822. 


Arrived  August  21st,  1819, 
in  the  Abundance.  Took 
name  of  Trattle.  Died 
1849. 

(References :  "  Muster  Rolls  " ;  "  Casualty  Lists  " ;  "  Half- 
Pay  Lists,"  Record  Office ;  "  Army  Lists;") 


20th  Foot  Regiment 

This  regiment  arrived  in  St.  Helena  between  March 
29th  and  April  8th,  1819,  in  the  Albinia,  Oromocto, 
Lloyds,  and  Windermere.  It  was  at  first  quartered  at 
Jamestown,  Francis  Plain,  Lemon  Valley,  High  Knoll, 
and  Ladder  Hill,  but  in  February,  1820,  it  was  removed 
to  Deadwood  to  replace  the  66th  Regiment,  and  remained 
there  until  the  death  of  the  Emperor.  At  the  funeral, 
c  33 


A  ST.    HELENA   WHO'S    WHO 


twelve  men  of  the  Grenadier  company  of  the  regiment  had 
the  honour  of  bearing  to  the  grave,  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  journey,  the  coffin  containing  the  mortal  remains 
of  the  mighty  conqueror. 

The  following  officers  were  with  the  regiment  in  St. 
Helena : — 


Lt-Colonel — 
Samuel  South. 


Majors — 

Edward  Jackson. 


John  Hogg. 

Captains — 
Hamlet  Obins. 


Engelbert  Lutyens. 

William  Crokat. 
George  Tovey. 
Forbes  Champagne*. 


Commander  of  the  regi- 
ment. He  left  the  Island 
on  September  3rd,  1820, 
in  the  Admiral  Berkeley, 
and  died  in  1848. 

Commanded  in  the  absence 
of  Colonel  South.  Died 
1841. 

Retired  in  1833. 


Joined  afterwards  the  53rd 
Regiment.  Died  at 
Tenby,  August  6th,  1848. 

Orderly  Officer  at  Long- 
wood.  Died  on  passage 
home  from  India  in  1830. 

Orderly  Officer  at  Long- 
wood.     Died  1879. 

Left  the  Island  in  1820. 
Died  1858. 

Left  December  27th,  1820, 
in  the  Norfolk.  Died 
1843. 


34 


THE   REGIMENTS    IN   ST.   HELENA 
R.  Gethin. 


Robert  Power. 
Guy  Rotton. 

Lieutenants — 
James  Goldfrap. 
Alexander  Baillie. 

Charles  Smith. 
C.  Connor. 
James  White. 

Thomas  Edwards. 
R.  C.  Oakley. 
Charles  South. 

Henry  Duncan  Dudgin. 


M.  A.  Stanley. 

Christopher  Holmes. 

Ensigns — 
G.  H.  Wood. 
J.  F.  Wallace. 


D.  W.  A.  Douglas. 
Thomas  Moore. 
James  Rae. 


Left  December  31st,  1820, 
in  the  Woodford,  Died 
January  5th,  1835. 

Retired  1824. 

Died  August  17th,  1824. 


Retired  1832. 
Retired   1821. 
after. 


Died 


soon 


Died  1844. 

Left  the  Island  at  the  end 

of  1820.    Retired  1828. 
Died  1861. 
Died  June  2nd,  1835. 
Son  of  the  Colonel.    Died 

1874. 
The    Artist.      Transferred 

from      66th      Regiment- 

Retired  in  1839. 
ArrivedFebruary  29th,  1820, 

in  the  Camel.     Died  1852. 
Arrived  March,  1821. 


Died  1874. 

Left  December  27th,  1820, 

in  the  Norfolk,     Retired 

1822. 
Retired  1839. 
Died  1850. 
Retired  1830. 


35 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S    WHO 


A.  Congreve. 
Giles  Eyre. 
Duncan  Darroch. 


W.  H.  E.  M'Dermott. 

Surgeons — 

Archibald  Arnott. 
G.  H.  Rutledge. 

Adjutant — 
John  Storey. 

Quartermaster — 
John  Dodd. 

Paymaster — 

Alexander  Tovey. 


Died  1838. 
Died  1843. 
Arrived     February     29th, 

1 820,  in  the  Camel.    Died 

1864. 
Arrived  March,  1821. 

Died  1855. 
Died  in  India,  1833. 

Died  1830. 


Died  September  23rd,  1826, 
at  Poona. 

Died  1866. 

(References :  "  Muster  Rolls  " ;  "  Casualty  Lists  " ;  "  Half- 
Pay  Lists,"  Record  Office ;  "  Army  Lists  " ;  History 
of  20th  Regiment,  B.  Smyth.) 

The  St.  Helena  Regiments 

These  regiments  were  maintained  by  H.E.I.C.,  and 
consisted  of  artillery  and  infantry.  The  two  regiments 
together  mustered  about  700  men.  The  establishment 
for  officers  was  fixed  by  the  East  India  Company  as 
follows : — For  the  infantry :  1  colonel,  1  major,  4  captains, 
8  lieutenants,  and  4  ensigns.  For  the  artillery  :  1  colonel, 
1  major,  4  captains,  9  first  lieutenants,  3  second  lieutenants, 
and  1  cadet. 

The  regiments  were  not  recruited  from  the  inhabitants 
of  St.  Helena,  for,  on  looking  through  the  muster  rolls, 

36 


ALEXANDER  BAXTER,   MI). 


See  page  55. 


THE   REGIMENTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 


it  will  be  seen  that  few  men  were  natives,  and  that  the 
large  majority  had  their  domicile  in  England.  Indeed, 
most  of  them  appear  to  have  been  time-expired  men 
on  their  way  home  from  service  in  the  British  Army  in 
India  or  the  Cape. 

The  following  officers    belonged    to    the  regiments 
during  the  captivity : — 

The  St.  Helena  Foot  Regiment 
Colonel — 
John  Alexander  Wright.      Died  February  15th,  1828. 

Major — 

Charles    Robert    George    Judge      Advocate.       Died 
Hodson.  1858. 


Captains — 
Patrick  Killin. 
Chas.  Sampson. 
Robt.  Wright. 
Henry  Sutton  Cole. 
Francis  Seale. 
Onesiphorus  Beale. 

Lieutenants — 
Robt.  Mason. 
Jas.  Torbett. 
John  W.  Seale. 
John  Worrall  Torbett. 
James  Bennett. 
John  Mellis,  jun. 
Patrick  Cunningham. 
John  Bligh  Spiller. 
James  Ramsay. 
Daniel  MacMahon. 


Retired  in  1818. 

Died  August  14th,  1817. 

Retired  in  1818. 


Died  March  10th,  1823. 
Died  April  28th,  1820. 
Retired  in  1818. 
Invalided  1827. 
Died  September  29th,  1835. 
Died  April  11th,  1824. 


37 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 


Ensigns — 

Geo.  Paterson. 
Alex.  A.  Younge. 
M.  O'Connor. 
J.  Sampson. 
Jno.  Doveton. 


Died  April  22nd,  1846. 
Died  April  8th,  1848. 


Cadets — 

Jas.  Pritchard. 
Wm.  Mason. 
Wm.  Hayes. 


Colonel — 

Ed.  Chas.  Smith. 

Major — 

David  Kinnaird. 


Died  February  20th,  1846. 
Died  at  Sandy  Bay,  1820. 
The  St.  Helena  Artillery 

Died  October  11th,  1818. 

Died  July,  1829. 


Captains — 

Hy.  Huff  Pritchard. 

John  Barnes. 


Thos.  J.  B.  Cole. 

Wm.  Milne. 
Henry  Broadway. 
Geo.  Lott  Phillips. 

Lieutenants  — 
Jno.  Ed.  Shortis. 

Dav.  K.  Pritchard. 


In   charge    of    Telegraphs. 

Died  1828. 
Town   Major  and  Military 

Surveyor.       Died     May 

2nd,  1817. 
Town  Major  after  Captain 

Barnes.     Died  1827. 
Retired  in  1818. 
Invalided  1827. 
Retired  in  1818. 

Superintendent    of    Public 
Works.     Invalided  1827. 
A.D.C.  to  Governor. 


38 


THE   REGIMENTS    IN   ST.    HELENA 


Thos.  Thome. 
Thos.  Montgomery  Hun- 
ter. 
Geo.  And.  Dentaafe. 
Robt.  Eager. 
Wm.  Hall. 
Robt.  Armstrong. 
Dan.  O'Connor. 
Wm.  Jas.  Fuller. 


Caesar  Jno.  Ashton. 

Second  Lieutenants — 
Chas.  De  Fountain. 
Chas.  Jno.  Sampson. 
Wm.  Orlando  Kennedy. 
Wm.  K.  Doveton,  jun. 
Jas.  Jno.  Pritchard. 

Cadets — 

Jas.  B.  Mason. 
Hy.  W.  Knipe. 
Geo.  Richard  Mead. 


Adjutant. 


Civil  Surveyor. 
Died  April  24th,  1817. 
Died  January  1st,  1818. 
Died  December  19th,  1830. 

Dismissed  October  17th, 
1815,  for  intemperance 
and  "  exhibiting  a  degree 
of  intellect  inadequate 
to  the  due  performance 
of  his  duties"  (Council 
Minutes,"  October  17th, 
1815). 

Died  1833. 

Died  1840. 

Died  1867. 
Died  1870. 


Died  January  1st,  1826. 


(References :     "  The    East     India     Company's    Annual 


Registers   and   Directory," 
65,948,     Record     Office ; 
Minutes,"    "  Registers    of 
Deaths,"  India  Office.) 

3d 


1814-1836;  W.O.,  43, 
"  St.  Helena  Council 
Births,     Marriages    and 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Artillery  Officers 
Major — 
James  Power.  Died  1851. 

Captain — 
Thomas  Greatly.  Died  1849. 

Lieutenants — 

Gabriel  Matthias.  Died  1839. 

Henry  Hutchins.  Died  1827. 

Gordon  Higgins. 

Surgeon — 

James  Verling,  m.d.  Died  1857. 

Engineer  Officers 
Major — 
Anthony  Emmett.  Died  1872. 

Lieutenants — 

Hale  Young  Wortham.        Died  1882. 
Alexander  Wallace. 


40 


THE  FLAG-SHIPS  STATIONED   AT 
ST.   HELENA 

H.M.S.  "  Northumberland,"  78  Guns 

Sailed  from  the  Start,  August  8th,  1815.  Arrived 
St.  Helena,  October  15th,  1815.  Left  St.  Helena,  June 
19th,  1816. 

Rear- Admiral  Sir  George  Cockburn. 
J.  R.  Glover.     Secretary  to  the  Admiral. 
James  Blunden.     Clerk  to  the  Secretary. 
W.  Roberts.     Flag-Lieutenant. 

Officers — 

C.  B.  H.  Ross.     Captain. 
Mark  H.  Sweny.     Senior  Lieutenant. 
George  Thomas.     Master. 
P.  S.  O'Reilly.     Purser. 
Richard  Dickinson.     Lieutenant. 
Thomas  Cowan. 
Charles  Blood. 
John  F.  Warren. 
T.  J.  Davies. 
F.  J.  Lewis. 

William  Warden.     Surgeon. 
Barry  O'Meara.     Supernumerary  Surgeon. 
William  Gilchrist.     Assistant  Surgeon. 
William  Hogg.  „ 

Joseph  Breadon.  „ 

George  Rennell.     Chaplain. 

41 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

In  command  of  the  Marines — 

George  Beatty.     Captain. 

Munro  Fenton,  Thomas  Hurdle,  and  J.  B.  Castieu. 
Lieutenants. 

In  addition  to  Napoleon  and  his  suite,  the  Northumber- 
land also  carried  the  artillery  detachment  destined  for 
service  in  St.  Helena,  under  the  command  of  the  following 
officers : — 

Captain  Thomas  Greatly. 

Lieutenant  Gabriel  Matthias  (with  him  Mrs  Matthias). 

Lieutenant  Henry  Hutchins. 

James  Verling,  m.d.     Surgeon. 

Sir  George  Bingham,  in  command  of  the  troops  in 
St.  Helena,  and  Denzil  Ibbetson,  the  Commissary,  were 
also  on  board,  and  amongst  the  midshipmen  was 
H.  Nelson  Mills,  whose  interesting  letters  have  been 
published. 

The  above  lists  have  been  taken  from  the  "Muster 
Rolls  "  of  the  Northumberland,  in  the  Record  Office,  and 
it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  wherever  the  name  of 
"  General  Bonaparte  "  appears  on  the  ship's  muster  books 
the  word  "  General "  has  been  crossed  out  and  the  word 
"  Empr."  written  over  it.  Notice  is  called  to  this  fact  by 
three  bold  marks  of  exclamation  in  the  margin. 

The  after-history  of  the  Northumberland  is  not  with- 
out interest.  On  her  return  home  from  St.  Helena,  she 
was  placed  out  of  commission,  and  for  a  time  was  used  as 
a  "  Lazaretto."  Eventually,  however,  she  was  moored  in 
Stangate  Creek  as  a  quarantine  ship,  and  on  this  duty  she 
remained  until  1850,  when  she  was  finally  broken  up. 

(Reference:   "The    Admiralty    Muster    Rolls,"  Record 

Office.) 

42 


THE   FLAG-SHIPS   AT   ST.    HELENA 

H.M.S.  "  Newcastle,"  60  Guns 
Arrived  St.  Helena,  June  17th,  1816.     Left  July  4th, 
1817. 

Rear- Admiral  Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm. 
John  Irving.     Secretary  to  the  Admiral. 
John  Hutchings.     Clerk  to  the  Secretary. 
W.  E.  Wright.     Flag-Lieutenant. 

Officers — 

Henry  Meynell.     Captain. 

Peter  Salmond.     Senior  Lieutenant. 

Reuben  Paine.     Lieutenant. 

John  B.  Hall.  „ 

Henry  Ogilvie.  „ 

Jenkin  Jones.  „ 

William  Thompson.     Surgeon. 

Wm.  Watts.     Assistant  Surgeon. 

John  Castles.  „ 

R.  L.  Hicks.     Master. 

Thomas  Berry.     Purser. 

W.  H.  Taylor.     Chaplain. 

In  command  of  the  Marines — 
Major  R.  P.  Boys. 
Lieutenant  H.  T.  Watkins. 

Passengers — 

Lady  Malcolm.     Wife  of  the  Admiral. 
Count  Balmain.     The  Russian  Commissioner. 
Heinrich   Peyle.     Servant   to  the  Russian   Commis- 
sioner. 
Marquis  de  Montchenu.     The  French  Commissioner. 
Captain  de  Gors.    A.D.C.  to  the  French  Commissioner. 

43 


A   ST.    HELENA    WHO'S   WHO 

Thomas  Salambre.  Servant  to  the  French  Com- 
missioner. 

Lieutenant  George  Leigh.  On  his  way  to  join  the 
Spey. 

(Reference:  "Admiralty  Muster  Rolls,"  Record  Office.) 

H.M.S.  "Conqueror,"  74  Guns 

Arrived  St.  Helena,  June  29th,  1817.    Left  July  20th, 
1820. 

Rear- Admiral  Robert  Plampin. 

John  Elliott.     Secretary  to  the  Admiral. 

Officers — 

John  Davie.     Captain.     (Succeeded  by  Captain  James 

Wallis  and  Captain  Francis  Stanfell.) 
J.  W.  Cairns.     Senior  Lieutenant. 
W.  J.  Prowse.     Lieutenant. 
A.  S.  Pearson.  „ 

W.  F.  Parker. 
James  J.  Onslow.        „ 
H.  J.  Rous.  „ 

W.  D.  Evance.  „ 

Mark  Kent.  „ 

H.  C.  Harrison.  „ 

A.  Cuppage.  „ 

C.  Fleetwood.  „ 

G.  Vevers.  „ 

Vaughan  Lloyd.  „ 

Orbell  Oakes.  „ 

John  Andrews.     Master. 
John  Stokoe.     Surgeon. 
James  Skeoch.     Assistant  Surgeon. 
John  Greenish.  „ 

44 


THE   FLAG-SHIPS   AT   ST.    HELENA 

Michael  Sampson.     Chaplain. 
John  Shea.     Purser. 

In  command  of  the  Marines — 
Captain  Wybourn. 

William    Young,    S.    Garmiston,    George    Millard. 
Lieutenants. 

Other    Surgeons  who    belonged    to    the   Conqueror 
during  her  stay  on  the  St.  Helena  Station  were : — 

Alex.  Reid.  John  Thompson. 

Wm.  Clark.  T.  Robertson. 

Joshua  Little.  Alex.  Gilfillan. 

H.  Ferguson.  John  Hateley. 

Robert  Malcolm.  James  Steret. 

Owing  to  the  length  of  stay,  frequent  changes  occurred 
in  the  personnel  of  the  ship. 

(Reference:  "Admiralty  Muster  Rolls,"  Record  Office.) 

H.M.S.  "  Phaeton,"  46  Guns1 

Arrived  St.  Helena,  April  14th,  1816.     Left  January 
8th,  1818. 

Officers — 

Francis  Stanfell.     Captain. 

John  N.  Campbell.     Senior  Lieutenant. 

Richard  Gregory.     Lieutenant. 

Joseph  Marshall.  „ 

Richard  Hoare.  „ 

William  Price.     Surgeon. 

Thos.  Brownrigg.     Assistant  Surgeon. 

John  Glencorse.  „ 

1  The  Phaeton  was  not  a  flag-ship,  but  has  been  included  on  account 
of  its  importance. 

45 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Robert  Burn.     Purser. 
Andrew  Lewis.     Master. 

In  command  of  the  Marines — 

John  Campbell.     First  Lieutenant. 

■ 

Passengers — 

Sir  Hudson  and  Lady  Lowe. 

Miss  C.  Johnson.     Daughter  of  Lady  Lowe.     (The 

younger  daughter  did  not  sail  in  the  Phaeton,) 
William  Janisch.     The  clerk  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 
Lady  Bingham.     Dr  Baxter.     Sir  Thomas  Reade. 
Major    Emmett    and    Lieutenants    Wortham    and 

Wallace  of  the  Engineers. 
Major  Gorrequer,  Lt.-Colonel  Lyster,  and  Lieutenant 

Basil  Jackson. 

(Reference :  "  Admiralty  Muster  Rolls,"  Record  Office.) 

H.M.S."  Vigo,"  74  Guns 

Arrived  at  St.  Helena,  July  14th,  1820.    Left  Septem- 
ber 11th,  1821. 

Rear- Admiral  Robert  Lambert. 

E.  E.  Vidal.     Secretary. 
G.  Woodley.     Clerk.  * 

F.  K.  Lamb.         „ 

G.  R.  Lambert.    Flag-Lieutenant. 

Officers — 

Thomas  Brown.     Captain. 
F.  J.  Lewis.     Senior  Lieutenant. 
Archibald  Maclean.     Lieutenant. 
George  Welsh.  „ 

R.  Lambert  Baynes.  „ 

46 


THE   FLAG-SHIPS   AT   ST.    HELENA 

George  T.  Gooch.     Lieutenant 

H.  R.  Moorsom.  „ 

Robert  Campbell.  „ 

John  Town.     Master. 

Stephen  Street.     Purser. 

Charles  Mitchell.     Surgeon. 

James  Lawrence.     Assistant  Surgeon. 

Campbell  France.  „ 

W.  D.  Carter.     Chaplain. 

In  command  of  the  Marines — 
J.  M.  Pilcher.     Captain. 
W.  S.  Knapman.     Lieutenant. 
David  Jones.  „ 

(Reference :  "  Admiralty  Muster  Rolls,"  Record  Office.) 


47 


THE  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

1815-1821 


Abel,  Dr  Clarke  (1780-1826).  Surgeon  and  Naturalist 
to  the  "  Amherst  Mission  "  to  China.  He  was  pre- 
sented to  Napoleon  at  Longwood  on  July  1st,  1817, 
and  has  left  a  record  of  his  impressions  on  that 
occasion  in  his  book,  A  Narrative  of  a  Journey  into 
the  Interior  oj  China,  published  in  1818.  Abel 
became  physician  to  Lord  Amherst  in  India. 

Abell,  Mrs  Elizabeth.     See  Balcombe,  Betsy. 

Amherst,  William  Pitt,  1st  Earl  (1775-1857).  Lord 
Amherst  sailed  from  Spithead  in  February,  1816, 
on  a  special  Mission  to  China,  and  arrived  in  Canton 
in  July  of  the  same  year.  The  mission  was  un- 
successful, and  on  the  return  home  the  Alceste 
frigate,  which  conveyed  it,  was  wrecked.  After 
many  privations  and  adventures  the  mission  arrived 
at  Batavia,  and  proceeded  to  England  in  the  C&sar. 
St.  Helena  was  reached  on  June  27th,  1817,  and  on 
July  1st  Lord  Amherst  had  a  long  interview  with 
Napoleon,  and  afterwards  presented  his  suite.  Lord 
Amherst  kept  a  diary  of  events  during  the  journey, 
and  it  contains  an  account  of  his  impressions  of  his 
interview  with  Napoleon.  This  diary  has  not,  how- 
ever, been  published.  (See  Lord  Amherst  in  the 
"  Rulers  of  India  "  series.) 

48 


REV.   RICHARD   BOYS 


See  page  61. 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Antommarchi,  Francesco.  Physician  to  Napoleon  in 
St.  Helena.  Born  at  Morsiglia  in  Corsica  in  1789. 
Died  at  Santiago  in  Cuba,  April  3rd,  1838. 
Aged  49. 

Antommarchi  studied  medicine  at  Pisa,  and  then 
at  Florence,  where  he  became  a  pupil  of  Mascagni, 
and  eventually  one  of  his  protectors.  He  was  chosen 
to  fill  the  post  of  physician  to  Napoleon  by  Cardinal 
Fesch  and  "  Madame  Mere,"  and  left  Gravesend  in 
the  Snipe  on  July  9th,  1819,  reaching  St.  Helena  on 
September  20th  of  the  same  year.  He  paid  his  first 
professional  visit  to  Napoleon  on  September  23rd, 
and  remained  in  attendance  until  the  end.  Although 
a  most  capable  anatomist  and  pathologist,  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine  was  not  extensive,  and  his  abilities 
may  be  summed  up  in  Napoleon's  own  words:  "I 
would  give  him  my  horse  to  dissect,  but  I  would  not 
trust  him  with  the  cure  of  my  own  foot."  Antom- 
marchi performed  the  post-mortem  examination ; 
but  although  he  expressed  himself  in  agreement  with 
the  official  report,  he  refused  to  sign  it.  He  left 
St.  Helena  in  the  Camel  on  May  27th,  1821,  and 
arrived  at  Spithead  on  July  31st ;  but  early  in  Sep- 
tember he  left  England  for  the  Continent,  and  after 
visiting  Italy  and  Poland,  lived  in  Paris  from  1834 
to  1836.  In  1825  he  published  his  Dernier s  Momens 
de  Napoleon,  and  in  1833  advertised  copies  of  the 
death-mask,  which  he  claimed  to  have  executed  in 
St.  Helena.  It  is  now  known,  however,  that  Dr 
Burton  was  the  author  of  the  famous  mask  of 
Napoleon's  features.  Besides  Les  Derniers  Momens, 
Antommarchi  published  Memoires  et  Observations 
sur  le  Cholera  Morbus  regnant  a  Varsovie,  1831,  and 
D  49 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Memoires  sur  la  non-existence  de  Communication  Nor- 
male  des  Vaisseaux  Lymphatiques  et  des  Veines. 

Antommarchi  is  described  on  the  permit  for 
travelling  to  St.  Helena  as  having  dark  hair  and  eyes ; 
height,  5  ft.  10  in. ;  age,  twenty-eight.  According 
to  Sir  Henry  Russell,  who  visited  St.  Helena  in  1821 
(see  Swallowfield  and  its  Owners,  by  Lady  Russell, 
p.  273),  Antommarchi  was  not  prepossessing,  for  he 
says :  "  He  has  a  Corsican  physician,  whom  we  met 
at  the  Bertrands',  a  common-looking  young  man 
whose  conversation  betrayed  both  ignorance  and 
vulgarity." 

For  further  information  concerning  Antom- 
marchi, see  Autour  de  Ste.  Helene,  by  M.  Fr^denc 
Masson. 

Archambault,  Achille  Thomas  L'Union.     Piqueur  and 
coachman  to  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena. 

He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Emperor  during  the 
whole  of  the  captivity,  and  returned  in  1840  for 
the  exhumation.  In  September,  1818,  when  the 
two  horses,  Dolly  and  Regent,  were  running  at 
the  Deadwood  Races,  Archambault  rode  down  the 
course  in  a  drunken  condition.  The  steward  chased 
him  off  the  course,  and  administered  a  horse- 
whipping. Napoleon  witnessed  the  whole  scene 
from  Longwood  through  his  glass,  and  reprimanded 
his  coachman.  (See  Nicholls'  Journal,  "Lowe 
Papers,"  vol.  20,210.) 

Archambault,  Joseph   Olivier.     Brother  of  the  above 
and  a  groom  at  Longwood. 

He  was  deported  with  Piontkowski,  Santini,  and 
Rousseau,   and   left  the   Island  on    October    19th, 

50 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

1816,  in  the  David.  He  arrived  at  Spithead  on 
February  15th,  1817,  and  eventually  took  service 
with  Joseph  Bonaparte  in  the  United  States. 

Arnott,  Archibald,  m.d.  (1771-1855).     Surgeon  to  the 
20th  Foot  Regiment. 

Arnott  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  in  1796 
joined  the  11th  Light  Dragoons  as  Assistant  Surgeon. 
Three  years  later  he  was  promoted  Surgeon  to  the 
20th  Foot  Regiment.  In  this  capacity  he  saw  con- 
siderable war  service,  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Maida,  the  Walcheren  Expedition,  and  many  of  the 
important  engagements  in  the  Peninsular  War. 
For  these  services  he  obtained  the  medal  with  eight 
clasps.  He  came  to  St.  Helena  with  his  regiment 
in  1819,  and  on  April  1st,  1821,  paid  his  first  pro- 
fessional visit  to  Napoleon.  He  quickly  established 
excellent  relations  with  Napoleon,  and  continued  in 
constant  attendance  until  the  end.  As  a  mark  of 
his  esteem,  the  Emperor  gave  him  a  gold  snuff-box, 
on  which  he  scratched  an  "  N,"  and  ordered  the  sum 
of  £600  to  be  given  him.  Doubts  have  been  cast 
upon  the  assertion  that  Napoleon  scratched  an  "  N  " 
on  the  snuff-box ;  but  a  letter  of  Arnott 's  exists  in 
the  Record  Office  (CO.  247,  32)  in  which  he  dis- 
tinctly says  that  the  "  N  "  was  scratched  by  Napoleon 
himself.  Arnott  attended  the  post-mortem  examina- 
tion, and,  in  1822,  published  An  Account  of  tlie  Last 
Illness  of  Napoleon.  Lowe  took  umbrage  at  this, 
and  wrote  to  the  colonel  of  the  20th  Regiment 
complaining  of  Arnott's  conduct,  but  on  what 
grounds  it  is  difficult  to  say.  His  views,  however, 
during  the  progress  of  the  case  will  be  found  in  the 

51 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

"Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,157,  and   they  differ  con- 
siderably from  those  expressed  in  his  book. 

B 

Balcombe,  Betsy.  Younger  daughter  of  William  Bal- 
combe,  and  friend  of  Napoleon.  Born  about  1802. 
Died  1871.     Married,  in  1832,  Mr  Abell. 

Betsy  Balcombe  came  into  close  personal  contact 
with  Napoleon,  at  her  father's  house,  "The  Briars," 
where  the  Emperor  resided  until  his  removal  to 
Longwood  on  December  10th,  1815.  She  soon 
became  a  great  favourite,  and  paid  him  many  visits 
at  Longwood.  On  March  18th,  1818,  she  left  the 
Island  with  her  parents,  and  after  remaining  in 
England  for  a  few  years,  went  to  reside  in  New 
South  Wales,  where  her  father  had  been  appointed 
Colonial  Treasurer.  She  afterwards  had  interviews 
with  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  was  favourably  noticed 
by  Napoleon  III.,  who  granted  her  a  tract  of  land  in 
Algiers.  In  1844  Mrs  Abell  published  her  recollec- 
tions, and  two  other  editions  followed  in  1845  and 
1853.  A  fourth  edition,  by  her  daughter,  appeared 
in  1873. 

Balcombe,  Mrs  Jane.     Wife  of  William  Balcombe. 

Napoleon  remarked  that  Mrs  Balcombe  reminded 
him  of  Josephine,  and  it  is  interesting  to  compare 
the  portrait  of  this  lady,  now  published  for  the  first 
time,  with  those  of  the  Empress. 

Balcombe,  William  (1779-1829).  Superintendent  of 
Public  Sales  under  the  East  India  Company,  and 
Purveyor  to  Longwood. 

52 


THE   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

William  Balcombe  was  a  member  of  a  family 
settled  at  Swallowfield,  Reading,  and  came  to  St. 
Helena  in  1807.  In  addition  to  his  official  position 
with  the  East  India  Company,  he  was  a  merchant 
in  partnership  with  William  Fowler  and  Joseph 
Cole,  the  principal  business  of  the  firm  being  that  of 
purveyors  to  the  various  ships  touching  at  James- 
town. The  two  eldest  children  were  born  before 
the  Balcombes  came  to  St.  Helena,  but  a  son  was 
born  on  the  Island  and  was  named  Alexander 
Beatson,  after  the  Governor  of  that  time.  On 
October  18th,  1815,  Napoleon  took  up  his  residence 
in  a  small  pavilion  in  the  garden  of  Balcombe's 
house,  "  The  Briars,"  and  here  he  remained  until  his 
removal  to  Longwood  on  December  10th.  Napoleon 
at  once  showed  an  interest  in  Balcombe's  younger 
daughter  Betsy,  and  his  fondness  for  this  child  is  one 
of  the  most  pleasing  episodes  in  the  history  of  the 
captivity.  Balcombe  owed  the  appointment  of  his 
firm  as  purveyors  to  Longwood  to  the  intimacy 
which  existed  between  Napoleon  and  his  family, 
and  on  account  of  these  friendly  relations  the  Bal- 
combes frequently  visited  the  Emperor  at  Long- 
wood,  and  on  several  occasions  they  had  the  honour 
of  being  included  in  the  company  at  dinner. 

The  close  business  alliance,  however,  between 
Balcombe  and  the  residents  at  Longwood  soon 
aroused  the  suspicion  of  Sir  Hudson,  and  it  became 
evident  to  the  purveyor  that  it  would  not  be  safe 
to  remain  in  St.  Helena  much  longer.  He,  there- 
fore, left  the  Island  with  his  family  in  the  Wincliehea 
on  March  18th,  1818,  and  soon  after  his  departure 
Lowe  received  proof  of  his  suspicion  that  Balcombe 

53 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

had  been  acting  as  an  intermediary  in  the  trans- 
mission of  clandestine  correspondence  to  Europe, 
and  in  negotiating  bills  drawn  by  Napoleon.  It 
was,  therefore,  impossible  for  Balcombe  to  return  to 
St.  Helena,  although  he  frequently  petitioned  Lord 
Bathurst  to  be  allowed  to  do  so,  and  he  remained  in 
England,  living  chiefly  at  Chudleigh,  in  Devonshire, 
in  great  straits,  until  1823,  when,  after  having  been 
approached  by  Lowe,  he  filed  an  affidavit  in  his 
favour,  in  the  case  of  Lowe  v.  O'Meara.  This 
affidavit  probably  induced  Lowe  to  withdraw  the 
objections  he  had  steadily  made  to  Balcombe's 
advancement.  Indeed,  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers," 
vol.  20,233,  is  a  letter  from  Balcombe,  dated  1823, 
in  which  he  expresses  the  hope  that  Sir  Hudson  will 
now  overlook  any  differences  that  may  have  existed. 

Very  soon  after  this  Balcombe  was  appointed  by 
the  British  Government  to  the  important  post  of 
Colonial  Treasurer  of  New  South  Wales,  and  he 
left  England  with  his  family  to  take  up  his  duties, 
which  he  performed  with  great  ability  until  his 
death  in  1829.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that 
Lord  Bathurst  appointed  Balcombe  to  this  post, 
and  this  action  may  be  regarded  as  sufficient  evi- 
dence that  his  Lordship  did  not  take  a  very  serious 
view  of  his  supposed  irregularities  in  St.  Helena. 

Most  writers  have  credited  Balcombe  with  the 
Christian  name  of  "  James,"  but  this  error  is  owing 
to  Forsyth  having  published  a  letter  of  his  over 
that  signature.    His  real  name  was  "William." 

Balmain,    Alexandre    Antonovitch,    Comte   de.      The 
Russian  Commissioner. 

54 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

He  was  descended  from  the  Scotch  family  Ram- 
say, and  came  out  to  St.  Helena  in  the  Newcastle, 
landing  on  June  17th,  1816.  He  left  the  Island  on 
May  3rd,  1820,  in  the  General  Harris,  having 
married  on  April  26th,  1820,  Miss  Johnson,  the  elder 
stepdaughter  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  On  August 
22nd,  1818,  Balmain  and  Captain  de  Gors  made  a 
trip  to  Rio,  returning  on  December  3rd,  1818. 
While  there  they  expressed  in  public  their  approval 
of  the  policy  at  Longwood,  and  were  much  in  the 
company  of  Count  Hagendorp,  a  Bonapartist.  (See 
CO.  247,  18,  Chamberlayne's  letter.)  For  a  fuller 
account  see  Autour  de  Ste.  Helene,  by  Masson,  and 
the  Official  Reports  of  Balmain,  published  in  La 
Revue  Bleue,  1897.     He  died  in  1848. 

Bathurst,  Earl,  Colonial  Secretary  (1762-1834).      The 
3rd  Earl. 

Was  responsible  to  the  British  Government  for 
the  safe  custody  of  Napoleon.  Nearly  all  the 
original  dispatches  sent  to  Lord  Bathurst  by  Lowe 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  present  holder  of  the 
title. 

Baxter,   Alexander    (1777-1841),   Deputy- Inspector   of 
Hospitals  in  St.  Helena. 

Baxter  was  educated  for  the  medical  profession  in 
Edinburgh,  and  on  August  3rd,  1799,  received  his 
first  appointment  in  the  Army  as  Assistant  Surgeon 
to  the  35th  Foot  Regiment.  With  this  regiment 
he  proceeded  to  the  Mediterranean  and,  after  serving 
with  it  for  some  years,  was  given  the  appointment 
of  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Corsican  Rangers  on  April 
12th,  1805.     While  engaged  in  this  capacity  he  was 

66 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

brought  into  contact  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and 
was  present  with  him  at  the  surrender  of  Capri,  in 
October,  1808. 

On  April  23rd,  1809,  Baxter  was  appointed 
Surgeon  to  the  48th  Foot  Regiment,  and  was  present 
with  it  at  the  Battle  of  Albuera.  He  remained  with 
this  regiment  until  September  3rd,  1812,  when  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Surgeon  to  the  Forces. 
In  1814  he  was  in  medical  charge  of  the  troops  at 
Bordeaux  destined  to  embark  for  America,  and  pro- 
ceeded with  them  to  that  continent,  where  he  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Bladensburg,  and  at  the 
battle  near  Baltimore,  where  General  Ross  lost  his 
life. 

Baxter  was  next  appointed  Deputy-Inspector  of 
Hospitals  in  St.  Helena,  at  the  request  of  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe,  and  arrived  with  the  Governor  in  the  Phaeton 
on  April  14th,  1816.  He  remained  in  the  Island 
until  1819,  and  during  that  time  played  a  most  im- 
portant part  in  the  difficult  situations  which  arose 
regarding  medical  attendance  on  the  Emperor. 
Lowe  was  most  anxious  that  Baxter  should  be  con- 
sulted by  Napoleon  but,  although  the  Emperor  had 
no  objection  to  seeing  him  as  a  private  individual, 
and  did  see  him  in  that  capacity  on  several  occasions, 
he  was  firm  in  his  resolve  not  to  receive  him  as  a 
medical  attendant.  When  Napoleon  refused  to 
permit  O'Meara  to  furnish  Lowe  with  bulletins 
regarding  his  health,  Baxter  made  the  reports,  after 
receiving  a  verbal  account  from  O'Meara.  These 
reports  can  be  consulted  in  volume  20,156,  "  Lowe 
Papers,"  but  the  originals  are  in  the  possession  of 
his  grand-nephew,  Dr   Silk,  and   apparently  many 

56 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

corrections  were  necessary  before  they  were  accepted 
finally  by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 

After  leaving  St.  Helena  in  1819,  Baxter  graduated 
M.D.  at  Edinburgh,  his  thesis  being  "De  Febre 
Remittente,"  and  from  1829  to  1831  he  was  in 
medical  charge  in  Barbados. 

Bennett,  George  Brooks  (1816-1908).    Son  of  Captain 
Bennett. 

As  a  boy  of  five  he  rode  on  his  pony  to  see  the 
funeral  of  Napoleon  in  1821,  and  he  was  also  at  the 
exhumation  in  1840.  He  married  the  daughter  of 
Major  D.  K.  Pritchard  of  the  St.  Helena  Artillery, 
and  has  left  a  manuscript  in  which  he  records  the 
events  of  his  life  in  connection  with  Napoleon  and 
St.  Helena. 

Bennett,  Mrs  James.    The  wife  of  Captain  Bennett. 

Mrs  Bennett,  who  was  a  Miss  Ayley,  claimed  to 
have  been  the  first  lady  to  whom  Napoleon  bowed 
on  arriving  in  St.  Helena,  for  as  the  Emperor  was 
walking  up  the  steps  of  the  Glacis  on  landing  on 
October  17th,  1815,  he  noticed  a  lady  standing  above 
him  and  saluted  her. 

Bennett,  Captain  James,  of  the  St.  Helena  Foot  Regi- 
ment. 

Captain  Bennett  was  the  father  of  Mrs  Owen,  who 
died  in  1916 ;  Lady  Ross,  the  wife  of  Sir  Patrick 
Ross  the  Governor ;  and  of  George  Brooks  Bennett. 
He  lived  at  Chubbs'  Springs,  close  to  "  The  Briars." 
When  Napoleon  died,  and  it  was  decided  to  provide 
a  mahogany  coffin,  it  was  found  that  no  wood  of 
that   kind   could    be    obtained.      Captain    Bennett, 

57 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

however,  had  a  very  large  mahogany  dining-table, 
and  he  allowed  it  to  be  used  to  make  the  coffin. 
Captain  Bennett  died  in  1835. 

Bernard  (surname,  Heymann),  his  wife  and  daughter, 
servants  to  Count  and  Countess  Bertrand.  They 
became  home-sick  and  left  the  Island  in  June,  1818. 

Bertrand,  Henri  Gratien,  General,  Comte  de  (1773-1844). 
Bertrand  was  with  Napoleon  during  the  whole 
period  of  the  captivity,  and  occupied  the  position  of 
"Grand  Marshal."  He  lived  first  at  Hutt's  Gate, 
and  then  at  a  newly  built  villa  close  to  Longwood. 
The  villa  is  now  occupied  by  Mr  Deason,  and  is 
known  as  Longwood  Farm. 

Bertrand,  the  Countess,  wife  of  Count  Bertrand,  and 
daughter  of  General  Arthur  Dillon,  an  Irish  refugee. 
She  and  her  family  remained  in  St.  Helena  through- 
out the  detention. 


Children      of      the      Bertrands. 
Arthur  was  born  in  St.  Helena. 


Bertrand,  Napoleon/ 
Bertrand,  Henri. 
Bertrand,  Hortense. 
Bertrand,  Arthur. 

The  Bertrands  left  St.  Helena  on  May  27th,  1821, 
in  the  Camel,  and  arrived  at  Spithead  on  July  31st 
in  the  same  year. 

For  full  accounts  of  the  career  of  Count  Bertrand, 
see  Autour  de  Ste.  Helene,  and  Napoleon  a  Ste. 
HMene,  by  Frederic  Masson. 

Bingham,  Brigadier-General  Sir  George  Ridout,  k.c.b, 
(1776-1833).  In  command  of  the  troops  in  St. 
Helena. 

58 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Bingham  entered  the  69th  Foot  Regiment  in  1793 
as  Ensign,  and  became  Lt.-Colonel  of  the  53rd  Foot 
in  1805.  He  served  through  the  greater  part  of  the 
Peninsular  War  with  distinction,  and  was  selected 
to  command  the  troops  destined  for  St.  Helena.  He 
sailed  in  the  Northumberland,  and  remained  in  the 
Island  until  May  24th,  1820,  when  he  left  in  the 
Regent,  having  thrown  up  his  command  chiefly  on 
account  of  the  refusal  of  the  East  India  Company  to 
confirm  his  appointment  of  unofficial  member  of  the 
St.  Helena  Council.  He  was  on  friendly  terms  with 
Napoleon,  and  visited  him  frequently  until  the  re- 
strictions made  such  a  course  difficult.  He  kept  the 
records  of  the  53rd  Foot  for  many  years,  and  most 
of  them  are  in  his  handwriting. 

Birmingham,  Lieutenant  A.  W.,  of  the  2nd  Battalion  of 
the  66th  Foot. 

This  officer  was  tried  by  court  martial  in  May, 
1816,  immediately  after  his  arrival  in  St.  Helena,  for 
conduct  unbecoming  a  gentleman  while  on  board 
ship,  and  was  dismissed  the  service.  While  waiting 
to  be  sent  home  he  became  involved  in  the  disputes 
between  the  Governor  and  the  people  at  Longwood, 
and  for  a  time  was  placed  in  close  confinement. 
Birmingham  filed  an  affidavit  in  favour  of  O'Meara, 
and  at  that  time  he  was  a  major  in  the  army  of  the 
Colombian  Republic. 

Blakeney,  Captain  Henry  Pierce  (1782-1823).  Orderly 
Officer  at  Longwood  from  July,  1817,  to  September, 
1818. 

Blakeney  was  the  youngest  son  of  William 
Blakeney,  m.p.,  Lt. -Colonel  of  the  Welsh  Fusiliers, 

59 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

and  a  younger  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Blakeney, 
a  soldier  of  considerable  renown.  Captain  Blakeney 
entered  the  Army  as  Ensign  in  the  66th  Foot,  and 
saw  much  active  service  in  the  Peninsular  War.  He 
was  promoted  Captain  in  1806,  and  Major  in  1818. 
While  on  duty  at  Longwood  he  earned  the  esteem 
of  the  residents  but,  notwithstanding  this  favourable 
impression,  they  afterwards  charged  him  with  having 
been  in  the  habit  of  inspecting  the  soiled  linen  for 
the  purpose  of  detecting  forbidden  correspondence. 
This  charge  Captain  Blakeney  flatly  denied,  and  the 
imputation  that  both  Blakeney  and  his  wife  were 
constantly  under  the  influence  of  alcohol  rests  on 
the  very  doubtful  evidence  of  Mrs  Abell,  who  wrote 
from  memory  many  years  after,  and  who  is  known 
to  be  inaccurate  in  many  particulars.  Indeed,  it 
would  appear  that  a  mistake  has  been  made.  Mrs 
Abell  states  that  Mrs  Blakeney  once  appeared  in 
the  presence  of  Napoleon  intoxicated.  But  on  refer- 
ence to  the  Casualty  Lists  in  the  Record  Office 
( W.O.  25,  1965  )  the  death  of  Captain  Blakeney  is 
registered  as  taking  place  at  Cheltenham  on  January 
7th,  1823,  and  he  is  definitely  described  as  "  Single." 

Booker,  Rev.  D.,  of  Dudley.  This  divine,  who  had 
a  great  reputation  for  converting  sinners,  wrote  a 
sermon  especially  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  case  of 
Napoleon,  and  requested  Earl  Bathurst  to  take  steps 
to  have  it  placed  under  the  immediate  eyes  of  the 
Emperor.  The  request  was  refused.  (See  CO.  247, 
11,  Record  Office.) 

Boorman,  George.  A  plumber  and  paper-hanger,  often 
employed  with  Paine,  a  painter,  at  Longwood,  and  in 

60 


FRANCIS   BURTON.   M.I). 


See  page  64. 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Napoleon's  apartments.  On  January  9th,  1815, 
Boorman  was  dismissed  from  the  Company's  service 
for  "  insolent  disregard  of  authority  "  and  soon  after 
admitted  that  he  was  practically  bankrupt.  But  he 
was  allowed  to  remain  on  the  Island  in  a  private 
capacity,  and  later  undertook  the  pipe-work  of  the 
new  water  scheme  to  Longwood.  At  the  funeral  he 
assisted  Darling  in  the  arrangements  made  for  that 
ceremony.  Mrs  Boorman  was  responsible  for  all 
the  needlework  in  connection  with  the  lining  and 
stuffing  of  Napoleon's  coffin. 

Bouges,  Etienne.  A  servant  in  the  employ  of  Count 
Bertrand,  who  replaced  Bernard,  and  left  behind  him 
an  account  of  life  at  Longwood. 

Bowen,  Captain  John.  The  Commander  of  the  Salsette. 
Apart  from  the  fact  that  Bowen  had  an  interview 
with  Napoleon  on  May  12th,  1816,  he  claims  remem- 
brance as  the  founder  of  the  first  British  settlement 
in  Van  Diemen's  Land  in  1803,  when  in  command 
of  the  Glatton. 

Boys,  The  Reverend  Richard  (1785-1867).  Chaplain  to 
the  Honourable  East  India  Company  in  St.  Helena 
from  1811  to  1830.  For  a  full  account  of  the 
activities  of  Mr  Boys  while  in  St.  Helena,  see  the 
special  chapter  at  the  end  of  this  volume,  entitled 
"The  Reverend  Richard  Boys,  Senior  Chaplain  in 
St.  Helena,"  p.  220. 

Brabazon,  William.  The  Master  Attendant  at  St. 
Helena. 

In  this  capacity  he  was  responsible  for  the  anchor- 
age of  ships  calling  at  St.  Helena,  for  the  collection 

61 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

of  dues,  the  manifests,  and  the  lists  of  the  crews 
and  passengers  carried.  These  lists  of  crews  and 
passengers  were  made  up  every  quarter,  and  they  can 
be  consulted  in  the  "St.  Helena  Council  Minute 
Books  "  at  the  India  Office. 

Breame,  Thomas.     The  East  India  Company's  Farmer. 

Almost  the  whole  of  volume  20,238  of  the  "  Lowe 
Papers  "  consists  of  an  inquiry  into  the  irregularities 
discovered  in  Breame's  accounts.  He  apparently 
sold  stock  from  the  Company's  farms,  and  forgot  to 
account  for  the  money  thus  received.  In  the  end 
he  was  removed  from  his  position,  and  arrived  in 
England  by  the  William  Pitt,  September  26th,  1820. 
This  incident  was  the  cause  of  the  trenchant  letter 
from  the  H.E.I.C.  to  Lowe,  in  which  they  criticised 
his  government  of  the  Island.  For  the  letter  see  "  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe  and  the  East  India  Company,"  p.  176. 

Brooke,  Thomas  Henry  (1774-1849).  Secretary  and 
Member  of  the  Council  in  St.  Helena.  Married,  in 
1799,  Anne  Wright,  the  daughter  of  Colonel  Wright, 
of  the  St.  Helena  Regiment. 

Brooke  was  the  nephew  of  Colonel  Robert  Brooke, 
the  Governor  of  St.  Helena  from  1787  to  1801. 
During  the  whole  period  of  the  captivity  he  was 
Secretary  to  the  Council,  and  by  far  the  most  active 
personality  in  the  civil  administration.  All  the 
minutes  of  the  Council,  which  fill  two  volumes  of 
the  "Lowe  Papers,"  are  from  his  pen,  and  are 
remarkable  for  clearness  of  style. 

Brooke  was  received  by  Napoleon  on  January  7th, 
1816,  and  possibly  on  other  occasions.     After  Lowe's 

62 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

departure  he  became  acting  governor  until  the 
arrival  of  General  Walker,  and  in  1828  again  filled 
the  office.  In  1808  he  published  a  History  of  St. 
Helena,  and  a  further  edition  appeared  in  1824. 
Some  letters  of  Brooke  and  a  portrait  have  been 
published  by  Mr  Clement  Shorter  in  Tlte  SpJiere 
for  April  22nd,  1905. 

Brown,   Captain  Thomas.     In  command   of  the    Vigo 
from  1820  to  1821. 

He  entered  the  Navy  in  1781,  and  eventually 
commanded  the  Flora,  which  brought  to  Malta  the 
body  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby.  Brown  was  one  of 
the  three  naval  captains  who  inspected  the  body  of 
Napoleon  on  the  morning  of  May  6th.  He  died  at 
Bath  in  1851. 

Bullock,    George,    of   4    Tenterden    Street,    Hanover 
Square,  Upholsterer  and  Cabinetmaker. 

The  British  Government  entrusted  Bullock  with 
the  order  for  the  furniture  required  for  the  new 
house  at  Longwood,  and  also  commissioned  him  to 
execute  all  the  renovations  and  decorations  required 
at  Longwood  old  house.  His  bill  for  furniture  and 
stores  supplied  came  to  £11,512,  6s.  2d.  The 
complete  inventory  can  be  found  in  the  Record 
Office,  CO.  247,  7,  and  apparently  the  Government 
spared  no  expense  in  their  endeavours  to  fit  up  the 
new  house  in  a  style  worthy  of  the  position  of 
Napoleon. 

Certain  pieces  of  the  furniture  were  used  for  the 
old  house,  and  a  small  part  went  to  Plantation 
House,  but  the  bulk  remained  in  store  at  St.  Helena 

63 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

until  the  new  house  was  ready.  Bullock  sent  out 
two  of  his  workmen,  Andrew  Darling  and  John 
Paine,  to  superintend  the  work ;  they  each  received 
£2,  2s.  a  week. 

Buonavita,  the  Abbe*  Antonio,  who  was  sent  out  to 
St.  Helena  at  the  instigation  of  Cardinal  Fesch. 
He  had  been  a  missionary  in  Mexico,  and  was  old 
and  incapable.  He  arrived  on  September  20th, 
1819,  and  left  on  March  17th,  1821,  in  the  Orwell, 
reaching  London  on  May  9th,  1821.  On  the  permit 
to  travel  he  is  described  as  height,  5  feet  10  inches, 
age,  66.     (See  CO.  247,  26,  Record  Office.) 

Burton,  Francis,  m.d.  (1784-1828).  Surgeon  to  the 
66th  Regiment.  Author  of  the  death-mask  of 
Napoleon. 

Burton  was  born  at  Tuam,  and  after  studying 
medicine  at  Dublin,  entered  the  Army  in  1805.  He 
served  much  of  his  time  in  the  Peninsula,  and  in 
1813  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  4th  Foot.  In 
1819,  on  the  special  recommendation  of  Sir  James 
McGrigor,  he  became  Surgeon  to  the  66th  Regiment, 
and  arrived  in  St.  Helena  on  March  31st,  1821. 
He  was  present  at  the  post-mortem  examination 
of  Napoleon,  and  signed  the  official  report.  An 
important  letter  of  Burton's  can  be  found  in  the 
"Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,214,  in  which  he  explains 
why  Antommarchi  failed  to  sign  the  official  report 
of  the  appearances  observed  at  the  autopsy. 

But  Burton  will  be  remembered  chiefly  as  the 
author  of  the  famous  death-mask  of  Napoleon. 
Thanks  to  the  labours  of  M.  Fre'de'ric  Masson,  and 
Mr  G.  L.  de  St.  M.  Watson,  it  is  now  established 

64 


THE   ST.    HELENA    WHO'S  WHO 

beyond  doubt  that  Burton  was  responsible  for  the 
mould  of  Napoleon's  features,  after  Antommarchi 
had  made  the  attempt  and  had  failed.  Sir  Richard 
Burton  was  a  nephew  of  Burton,  and  Lady  Burton, 
in  the  Life  of  her  husband,  says  that  Dr  Burton  had 
in  his  possession  letters  from  Antommarchi,  in  which 
he  acknowledged  that  Burton  was  the  author  of  the 
mask,  but  that  Mrs  Burton  destroyed  these  after  her 
husband's  death. 


Carr,  Thomas,  the  baker  to  Longwood.  He  is  chiefly 
remembered  for  having  laid  down  the  proposition 
that  it  was  impossible  to  say  whether  flour  would  be 
good  until  it  had  been  baked. 

Carrol,  William  (1789-1875).  A  Merchant  and  Shipping 
Agent  in  St.  Helena. 

Chandelier,  Jacques,  a  cook  at  Longwood.  He  was 
born  at  Melun  in  1798,  and  was  in  the  service  of 
the  Princess  Borghese.  He  was  chosen  to  succeed 
Laroche,  and  arrived  at  St.  Helena  on  September 
20th,  1819.  Chandelier  was  a  highly  skilled  chef, 
and  in  his  hands  the  cooking  at  Longwood  be- 
came really  good.  In  Antoine  Car£me's  L'Art  de 
Cuisine,  Chandelier  gives  an  account  of  the  dishes 
preferred  by  Napoleon.  In  the  permit  to  travel  his 
age  is  given  as  31,  and  his  height  5  feet  3  inches. 
(See  CO.  247,  26.) 

Chesney,  Lt.  H.  C.  Cornelius,  of  the  Indian  Army. 

Chesney  while  at  St.  Helena  called  on  the  Bertrands, 

b  65 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

apparently  without  a  pass,  and  this  gave  rise  to 
trouble  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  Chesney  died  at 
Mhow  in  1820. 

Cipriani,  the  Maitre  d'H6tel  at  Longwood.  He  was 
suddenly  seized  with  acute  abdominal  pain  while 
attending  at  dinner,  and  died  after  a  few  days' 
illness,  on  February  26th,  1818.  He  was  buried  by 
Mr  Boys. 

Clavering,  Lady.  A  French  lady,  and  a  friend  of  Las 
Cases.  She  lived  at  19  Portland  Place,  and  it  was 
to  her  that  one  of  the  secret  letters  found  in  Scott's 
waistcoat  was  addressed.     (See  "  Scott.") 

Cockburn,  Admiral  Sir  George,  g.cb.,  f.r.s.  (1772-1853). 
Cockburn  entered  the  Navy  in  1781  as  "  Captain's 
servant,"  and  obtained  command  of  the  Speedy  in 
1792.  In  1796,  while  in  command  of  the  Minerve, 
he  earned  the  praise  of  Nelson  for  running  in  under 
the  batteries  of  Larma  and  capturing  six  of  the 
enemy's  ships.  In  the  same  year  he  captured  the 
Sabina,  and  the  Matilde,  and  in  1797  he  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  St.  Vincent.  After  serving  in  the 
West  Indies,  India,  Martinique,  and  Holland,  he 
obtained  flag  rank  in  1812,  and  was  ordered  to 
North  America,  where  he  showed  his  great  capacity 
as  a  naval  commander  in  the  brilliant  operations  on 
the  Chesapeake,  the  Sassafras,  and  the  Potomac 
rivers.  In  this  war  he  co-operated  with  General  Ross 
at  the  battles  of  Bladensburg  and  Baltimore,  and, 
after  the  former  battle,  entered  Washington,  which 
was  destroyed. 

For  these  services  Cockburn  was  created  K.C.B. 

66 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

in  1815,  and  was  selected  to  convey  Napoleon  to 
St.  Helena  in  the  Northumberland.  He  sailed  from 
the  Start  on  August  8th,  and  arrived  at  St.  Helena 
on  October  15th,  1815.  He  remained  in  command 
at  St.  Helena  until  the  arrival  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe 
on  April  14th,  1816,  and  left  the  Island  on  June  19th, 
1816. 

Cockburn  became  Vice -Admiral  in  1819,  and 
commanded  on  the  North  American  and  West  Indian 
Stations  from  1833  to  1836.  In  1837  he  became  full 
Admiral,  and  in  1841  First  Naval  Lord.  An  account 
of  the  voyage  of  the  Northumberland  has  been 
published.  (See  Napoleon's  Last  Voyages,  Glover's 
Diary,  Napoleon's  Fellow  Travellers',  and  for  full 
biographies  of  Cockburn,  see  Marshall's  Naval 
Biographies,  O'Byrne's  Naval  Biography,  and  Ralfe's 
Naval  Biographies.) 

Cole,  Joseph.  The  Postmaster  in  St.  Helena,  and  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Balcombe,  Fowler  and  Co. 

Cooper,  the  "  one-eyed,"  alias  William  Gordon. 

He  brought  up  to  Longwood  a  large  tub,  twelve 
feet  square,  to  serve  as  a  reservoir  for  Napoleon's 
garden,  and  for  this  service  the  Emperor  gave  him  a 
glass  of  wine  with  his  own  hand.  This  event  occurred 
on  January  12th,  1820.  (See  Nicholls'  Journal, 
"Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,210.) 

Coursot,  Jacques.  A  butler  who  arrived  in  St  Helena 
on  September  20th,  1819,  and  replaced  Pierron, 
who  had  been  appointed  Maitre  d'Hdtel.  In  the 
permit  to  travel  to  St.  Helena  he  is  stated  to  be 
84  years,  and  5  feet  10  inches  in  height. 

67 


A   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Croad,  Lieutenant  Frederick,  of  the  66th  Foot. 

Croad  acted  as  understudy  to  Captain  Nicholls, 
the  Orderly  Officer,  and,  having  some  knowledge  of 
French,  was  most  useful.  He  eventually  joined  the 
20th  Foot  Regiment,  and  retired  from  the  Army  in 
1845,  having  attained  the  rank  of  Major. 

Crokat,   William  (1789-1879).     Orderly  Officer,  Long- 
wood,  from  April  15th  to  May  7th,  1821. 

Crokat  was  born  near  Edinburgh,  and  in  1807 
joined  the  20th  Foot,  in  Sicily,  as  Ensign,  being 
then  in  his  eighteenth  year.  In  1808  he  became  a 
lieutenant  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  War,  where 
he  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Corunna,  Vimiera, 
Vittoria,  and  Roncesvalles.  At  the  last-mentioned 
engagement  he  was  severely  wounded,  and  carried 
the  effects  of  this  wound  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In 
1809  Crokat  took  part  in  the  disastrous  expedition 
to  Walcheren,  but  was  soon  invalided,  on  account 
of  the  deadly  fever  which  decimated  the  troops. 
In  1814  he  was  gazetted  Captain,  and  in  1819 
he  proceeded  with  the  20th  to  St.  Helena.  On 
April  15th,  1821,  Captain  Lutyens  resigned  his  post 
of  Orderly  Officer  to  Longwood,  and  Crokat  was 
appointed  in  his  place.  He  was  thus  on  duty 
during  the  closing  scenes  of  Napoleon's  life,  and 
saw  him  immediately  after  death.  He  was  present 
at  the  post-mortem  examination,  and  on  May  7th 
marshalled  all  the  people  who  filed  before  the  dead 
Emperor.  On  the  evening  of  the  7th,  Crokat  sailed 
in  the  Heron  with  Lowe's  dispatches  announcing  the 
death  of  Napoleon,  and  reached  England  on  July  4th. 
For  this  service  he  was  given  his  majority,  and  £500. 


THE   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

After  this  he  served  in  India  for  some  years  and 
retired  on  half-pay  in  1826. 

Crokat  then  spent  several  years  travelling  in  Italy 
with  Lord  Panmure,  who  was  engaged  in  inspecting 
and  buying  pictures.  His  subsequent  promotions 
were: — Lt.-Colonel  in  1837,  Colonel  in  1851,  Major- 
General  in  1855,  Lt.- General  in  1861,  and  General 
in  1871.  Once  when  in  Paris,  Crokat  was  urged  to 
attend  an  official  reception,  but  demurred  on  account 
of  the  known  animosity  towards  those  who  had  taken 
part  in  guarding  Napoleon.  He,  however,  yielded  to 
the  pressing  request  to  attend,  but  on  the  way  home 
was  attacked,  and  owed  his  life  to  a  button  of  his 
uniform  which  deflected  the  dagger  of  the  would-be 
assassin. 

Crokat  lived  at  52  Inverleith  Row,  Edinburgh, 
and  there  he  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety  on 
November  6th,  1879.  He  was  the  last  to  survive 
of  those  who  had  seen  Napoleon  on  his  death-bed. 
Captain  Crokat  was  of  commanding  presence,  being 
six  feet  two  inches,  and  if  the  portrait  which  accom- 
panies this  memoir  be  compared  with  the  one  in 
Steuben's  famous  death-bed  scene,  the  faithfulness 
of  the  likeness  will  be  appreciated.  Although  never 
tired  of  talking  about  the  eventful  days  spent  at 
Longwood,  he  left  no  written  account  behind  him, 
and  so  much  that  would  be  of  great  interest  to 
students  of  the  period  is,  therefore,  lost.  He 
possessed  numerous  relics  of  Napoleon,  amongst 
which  may  be  mentioned — a  silver  plate  and  knife, 
used  by  the  Emperor  in  St.  Helena;  a  portrait  of 
Napoleon,  which,  encircled  with  diamonds,  formed 
the  lid  of  one  of  the  snuff-boxes ;  the  wooden  spatula, 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

used  by  Napoleon  to  clean  his  spade  when  gardening ; 
the  cordon  worn  during  the  Hundred  Days,  and 
a  pair  of  silk  stockings  and  garters.  For  much  of 
the  information  contained  in  this  account  of  Crokat 
I  am  indebted  to  his  niece,  Miss  Crokat,  who  had 
a  vivid  remembrance  of  her  uncle. 

D 

Dacre,  Captain  G.  H.  In  command  of  the  Experiment, 
storeship.  Mr  Watson  points  out  in  The  Polish  Exile 
that  Lowe  considered  Dacre  to  be  the  author  of  the 
anonymous  Letters  from  St.  Helena.  Dacre  died  at 
Boulogne  on  April  8th,  1851. 

Darling,  Andrew  (1784-1841).  Upholsterer  in  St. 
Helena,  and  eventually  Foreman  of  the  Works. 

Darling  was  sent  out  to  St.  Helena  by  Mr  George 
Bullock  the  Upholsterer,  and  was  frequently  brought 
into  direct  contact  with  Napoleon  in  connection 
with  his  duties  at  Longwood  of  superintending  the 
painting  and  repairs  to  the  furniture.  On  the  death 
of  the  Emperor,  Darling  was  the  undertaker,  and 
when  the  exhumation  took  place  in  1840  he  was 
present,  and  his  knowledge  of  the  arrangements 
made  at  the  funeral  in  1821  was  of  much  assistance. 
Lockwood,  in  his  Guide  to  St.  Helena,  published  in 
1851,  states  that  he  had  in  his  possession  a  manu- 
script left  by  Darling,  in  which  an  exact  account  of 
the  arrangements  made  for  the  funeral  of  Napoleon 
was  given.  Lockwood  further  states  that  he  pub- 
lished the  document  in  The  St.  Helena  Advocate  for 
1851.  This  interesting  document  has  now  been 
published  in  The  Literary  Supplement  of  The  Times 

70 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

for  September  30th,  1915.  It  was  discovered  by 
Major  Foulds  among  old  records  in  the  castle  at 
Jamestown,  St.  Helena. 

Darroch,  Ensign  Duncan  (1800-1864).  20th  Foot 
Regiment. 

Ensign  Darroch  arrived  in  St.  Helena  on  February 
29th,  1820,  in  the  Camel,  and  stayed  until  after  the 
funeral  of  Napoleon.  After  the  death  of  the 
Emperor  he  was  on  guard  at  Longwood,  and  in 
letters  written  by  him  he  states  that  he  entered  the 
death  chamber  when  Burton  was  taking  the  plaster 
mould  of  Napoleon's  face,  but  that  he  was  unable  to 
remain  long  in  the  room  "on  account  of  the  stench." 
These  letters  have  been  published  by  Major  Smyth 
in  the  Annual  of  the  Lancashire  Fusiliers  for  1 904. 

David.  A  sergeant  in  the  66th  Foot  Regiment,  and  of 
great  assistance  to  Captain  Nicholls  in  his  attempts 
to  obtain  a  view  of  Napoleon. 

Davie,  Captain  John  (1770-1825).  In  command  of  the 
Conqueror. 

Captain  Davie  came  out  to  St.  Helena  in  1817, 
but  was  soon  taken  ill  and  invalided  home.  He 
never  recovered  from  his  illness,  and  died  in  1825, 
after  six  years'  suffering.  He  was  presented  to 
Napoleon  on  July  8rd,  1817.  Davie  was  the  author 
of  a  very  popular  manual,  entitled  Observations  and 
Instructions  for  Officers. 

De  Fountain,  John.  A  senior  merchant  in  the  East 
India  Company's  service,  who  was  dismissed,  in 
company  with  another,  for  serious  defalcations. 

71 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Denman,  Captain  Edmund.  In  command  of  the  Red- 
pole.  According  to  Marshall's  Royal  Naval 
Biography,  Denman,  through  his  friendship  with 
the  Balcombes,  spent  an  evening  with  Napoleon  and 
played  whist  with  him.     He  died  in  1846. 

Dillon,  Captain  W.  H.  In  command  of  the  Horatio 
and  the  Phaeton.  Dillon  was  a  cousin  of  the 
Countess  Bertrand,  and  came  to  see  her  on  two 
occasions.  He  had  been  taken  prisoner  in  Holland 
in  1804,  and  remained  in  captivity  in  that  country, 
and  at  Verdun,  for  four  years.  On  this  account  he 
was  not  presented  to  Napoleon. 

Dodgin,  Major  Daniel.  In  command  of  the  2nd  Bat- 
talion of  the  66th  Foot  Regiment.  He  arrived  in 
St.  Helena  in  1816,  and  commanded  the  two 
battalions  in  the  absence  of  Colonel  Nicol,  and  after 
Colonel  Lascelles  had  been  sent  home.  He  was  one 
of  the  officers  presented  to  Napoleon,  as  described 
by  Henry  in  his  Events  of  a  Military  Life.  Dodgin 
filed  an  affidavit  in  favour  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 
He  died  in  1837. 

Dodgin,  Captain  Henry  Duncan.  Of  the  66th  Regiment. 
Dodgin  was  attached  to  the  2nd  Battalion  of  the 
66th,  and  came  to  St.  Helena  in  1816.  After  the 
reduction  of  this  battalion,  Dodgin  was  transferred 
to  the  1st  Battalion,  and  he  eventually  joined  the 
20th  Foot.  He  was  presented  to  Napoleon  with 
the  other  officers  of  the  66th.  Dodgin's  chief  claim 
to  fame  rests  on  his  skill  as  an  amateur  artist,  and 
he  made  sketches  of  Napoleon  from  life  on  several 
occasions.  He  retired  from  the  Army  in  1889,  and 
in  1845  became  Inspector  of  Police  in  Barbados. 

72 


CAPTAIN  WILLIAM  CROKAT 


See  page  68. 


THE   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Dove.  The  postilion  at  Longwood,  and  so  addicted  to 
drink  that  it  was  considered  unsafe  for  Napoleon  to 
take  carriage  exercise. 

Doveton,  Sir  William  Webber  (1753-1843).  Member 
of  the  Council  of  St.  Helena.  / 

Doveton  was  a  native  of  St.  Helena,  and  lived  at 
Mount  Pleasant,  Sandy  Bay.  He  left  St.  Helena 
for  England  on  March  14th,  1818,  in  the  Marquis  of 
Camden,  and  returned  on  May  4th,  1819,  in  the 
Bombay.  During  this  visit  he  received  a  knighthood 
on  account  of  his  public-spirited  exertions  in  con- 
nection with  the  government  of  the  Island,  and  the 
East  India  Company,  after  debating  a  whole  day, 
granted  him  a  pension  of  £800  per  annum.  Napoleon 
paid  a  visit  to  Sandy  Bay  on  January  3rd,  1816,  but 
it  is  not  recorded  that  he  saw  Doveton  on  that 
occasion.  On  October  4th,  1820,  however,  he  paid 
another  visit,  and  had  breakfast  on  the  lawn  with  the 
Doveton  family.  This  proved  to  be  the  last  excursion 
made  by  Napoleon  outside  the  "limits,"  and  a  full 
account  of  it  will  be  found  in  Forsyth,  vol.  iii., 
p.  242.  Doveton  was  present  at  both  the  funeral 
in  1821  and  the  exhumation  in  1840. 

E 

Ellis,  The  Right  Honourable  Sir  Henry  (1777-1855). 
Secretary  to  the  Amherst  Mission  to  China. 

Ellis  had  been  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Persia 
in  1814.  He  was  presented  to  Napoleon  on  July  1st, 
1817,  and  has  given  an  account  of  the  occurrence  in 
his  Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Late  Embassy 

73 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

to  China  (John  Murray.     1818).     From  1825  to  1834 
Ellis  was  Clerk  of  the  Pells. 

Emmett,  Major  Anthony  (1789-1872).     In  command  of 
the  Engineers  in  St.  Helena. 

Emmett  entered  the  Army  in  1808,  and  served 
in  the  Peninsular  and  American  Wars.  He  came  to 
St.  Helena  in  the  Phaeton,  arriving  on  April  14th,  1816, 
and  remained  until  July,  1821,  arriving  in  England 
on  September  3rd,  1821,  by  the  Marquis  of  Huntly. 
As  chief  of  the  Engineers,  Emmett  was  entrusted 
with  the  repairs  to  Longwood,  the  building  of  the 
New  House,  Bertrand's  Villa,  and  Napoleon's  grave. 
On  July  20th,  1817,  in  company  with  Basil  Jackson, 
he  had  an  interview  with  Napoleon.  This  interview 
is  fully  reported  in  Basil  Jackson's  Reminiscences, 
and  also  in  Extracts  from  Emmetfs  Diary,  published 
in  The  Century  Magazine,  January,  1912.  The 
two  accounts  differ  materially,  and  should  be  read 
together.  Indeed,  it  seems  to  be  clear  that  the 
Diary  of  Emmett,  from  which  the  extracts  are  taken, 
was  written  some  time  after,  for  it  contains  in- 
accuracies which  could  hardly  have  occurred  had  it 
been  written  during  the  progress  of  the  events  to 
which  it  refers.  For  instance,  Emmett  states  that 
Lord  Mulgrave  and  General  Mann  were  passengers 
by  the  Phaeton,  but  the  "  Muster  Rolls  "  of  that  ship 
do  not  bear  out  the  statement.  He  omits  also  to 
mention  Lady  Bingham's  name  as  a  passenger,  and 
spells  "  Gorrequer,"  "  Lorrequer,"  and  "  Janisch," 
"  Jamisch."  He  also  states  that  he  has  forgotten  the 
name  of  "  Vignali,"  and  places  his  interview  with 
Napoleon  in  1816  instead  of  1817. 

74 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Emmett  was  not  persona  grata  to  Lowe,  and  the 
Diary  exhibits  the  Governor  in  no  very  pleasing 
light.  The  dislike  was  probably  mutual,  for  Lowe 
has  placed  on  record  his  objection  to  the  conduct  of 
Emmett,  in  a  letter  which  exists  in  the  "Lowe 
Papers,"  and  it  was  well  known  that  the  Engineer 
Officer  held  advanced  opinions. 

Emmett  retired  from  the  Army  with  the  rank  of 
Major-General,  and  died  at  Brighton  in  1872. 

F 

Fag  an,    Lt. -Colonel    Christopher.      Judge    Advocate- 
General  in  Bengal. 

Colonel  Fagan  belonged  to  the  19th  Native 
Infantry  Regiment,  and  spent  the  whole  of  his 
military  service  in  India.  He  had  an  interview  with 
Napoleon  on  June  19th,  1817,  and  Sir  Thomas 
Reade  reported  to  Lowe  that  Fagan  had  been  guilty 
of  the  terrible  crime  of  speaking  of  Napoleon  as  the 
"Emperor." 

Farquhar,   Sir  Robert.     The   Governor  of  Mauritius, 
and  a  correspondent  of  Lowe. 

Fehrzen,  Major  Oliver  George  (1786-1820).     In  com- 
mand of  the  53rd  Regiment  in  St.  Helena. 

This  talented  and  respected  officer  entered  the 
Army  as  Ensign  in  the  89th  Foot  in  1803,  but  in 
1805  he  exchanged  into  the  58rd  Foot,  with  the 
rank  of  Captain.  He  distinguished  himself  in  many 
of  the  important  engagements  in  the  Peninsula, 
and  in  1813  was  promoted  Major.  In  1815,  when 
the  2nd  Battalion  of  the  53rd  was  ordered  to  St. 
Helena,  Fehrzen  was  placed   in   command,   during 

75 


A   ST.    HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

the  absence  of  Colonel  Mansel.  In  this  capacity  he 
came  into  contact  with  Napoleon,  and  on  several 
occasions  had  the  honour  of  lunching  and  dining 
with  him.  The  Emperor  was  always  ready  to 
receive  Fehrzen,  and  probably  his  fine  presence  and 
engaging  manner  were  responsible  for  this  favourable 
impression. 

Fehrzen  left  St.  Helena  with  the  regiment  in  July, 
1817,  but  on  January  19th,  1820,  he  was  seized 
with  cholera  while  at  Namcul,  India,  and  died  the 
same  day.  On  the  monument  erected  at  Salem  to 
his  memory,  it  is  recorded  that  he  was  "  celebrated 
for  his  learning,  distinguished  for  his  valour,  esteemed 
for  his  piety,  a  soldier  by  nature,  a  gentleman  by 
birth,  a  friend  to  all,  an  enemy  to  none."  Many  of 
the  affidavits  filed  on  behalf  of  Lowe  in  his  action 
against  O'Meara  deal  only  with  the  question  of 
whether  Fehrzen  said  that  officers  of  the  53rd  were 
forbidden  to  visit  the  people  at  Longwood. 

Festing,  Captain  Robert  W organ  George,  c.b.  In 
Command  of  the  Falmouth  and  the  Racoon  on  the 
St.  Helena  Station. 

Festing  entered  the  Navy  in  1799,  and  served 
much  of  his  time  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  He 
obtained  post  rank  in  1811,  and  from  September 
26th,  1815,  to  August  3rd,  1817,  was  engaged  on 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  St.  Helena  Stations. 
During  this  time  he  had  two  interviews  with 
Napoleon — on  August  1st,  1816,  and  on  March 
25th,  1817.  In  1838  he  was  given  a  C.B.,  and 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Rear- Admiral  in  1846. 
Festing  died  in  1862. 

76 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Finlaison,  John.  The  Keeper  of  the  Records  at  the 
Admiralty.  He  lived  at  30  Craven  Street,  Strand, 
and  was  a  friend  of  O'Meara.  It  was  to  Finlaison 
that  O'Meara  addressed  his  famous  Letters  from 
St.  Helena. 

Forsyth,  William,  q.c,  m.a.  (1812-1890).  Author  of 
the  History  of  the  Captivity  of  Napoleon  (3  vols. 
Murray.     1853). 

Forsyth  was  born  at  Greenock,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
high  degree  in  classics.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  his  college,  and  then  devoted  himself  to  law.  In 
addition  to  the  History  of  the  Captivity,  compiled 
from  the  "Lowe  Papers,"  he  was  the  author  of 
Hortensius,  a  Life  of  Cicero,  The  Law  of  Com- 
pounding Creditors,  Hannibal  in  Italy,  a  Drama, 
and  the  History  of  Trial  by  Jury.  He  was  also 
Commissary  for  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and 
sat  as  Member  of  Parliament  for  the  borough  of 
Cambridge  in  1856,  and  for  Marylebone  in  1874. 

G 

Gentilini,  Angelo.  An  Elban,  and  footman  at  Long- 
wood.  He  left  the  Island  with  his  wife,  Juliette 
Collinet,  in  the  Star  on  October  4th,  1820,  and 
arrived  in  England  on  April  16th,  1821.  (See 
CO.  247,  32.) 

Gorrequer,  Major  Gideon  (1781-1841).     Aide-de-Camp 
and  Acting  Military  Secretary  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 
Gorrequer  entered  the  Army   as   Ensign   in  the 
18th  Foot  in  1797,  and  became  successively,  Lieu- 
tenant in   1798,  Captain  in   1804,   Brevet-Major  in 

77 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

1814  and  Lt.-Colonel  in  1826.  While  on  active 
service,  most  of  his  time  was  spent  in  Sicily  and 
the  Ionian  Islands,  and  it  was  at  these  places  that 
he  came  into  contact  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  For 
his  services  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Royal 
Hanoverian  and  Guelphic  Order.  When  Lowe  was 
appointed  Governor  of  St.  Helena,  he  at  once  offered 
Gorrequer  the  post  of  Aide- de- Camp  and  Acting 
Military  Secretary.  He  accepted  it,  and  sailed  for 
St.  Helena  in  the  Phaeton,  arriving  on  April  14th, 
1816. 

With  the  exception  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  Gorre- 
quer occupied  by  far  the  most  important  position 
of  all  those  connected  with  the  captivity.  He  had 
a  faultless  knowledge  of  the  French  tongue,  and  a 
most  retentive  memory.  In  addition  he  was  a  most 
diligent  secretary,  and  a  master  of  the  art  of  precis 
writing.  For  five  years  he  was  at  Lowe's  side,  and 
whether  it  was  an  interview  with  the  French  at 
Longwood,  or  a  conversation  concerning  official 
matters  at  Plantation  House,  he  was  always  at  hand 
with  his  notebook,  and  the  minutes  thus  made  formed 
the  basis  of  the  lengthy  reports  addressed  to  Lord 
Bathurst  by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  It  is  no  exaggera- 
tion to  say  that  we  owe  it  entirely  to  the  industry 
of  Gorrequer  that  we  possess  such  a  complete  record 
of  the  captivity  of  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena.  He 
knew  the  peculiar  temperament  of  Sir  Hudson 
better  than  any  man,  and  all  the  manifold  twists 
and  turns  of  his  intricate  policy  were  to  him  an 
open  book. 

From  his  official  correspondence  it  would  appear 
that  he  was  a  whole-hearted  supporter  of  Lowe's 

78 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

policy ;  but  Sturmer,  no  mean  judge  of  human 
character,  described  him  as  un  finaud,  and  his 
real  impressions  have  always  given  rise  to  doubts. 
Placed  in  the  position  of  confidential  clerk  to  Lowe, 
and  in  possession  of  unrivalled  knowledge  of  events 
in  St.  Helena,  it  has  always  been  accounted  strange 
that  Gorrequer  left  no  record  of  his  private  views 
of  the  policy  towards  Napoleon.  Documents  are, 
however,  in  existence  in  the  Court  of  Chancery 
which  give  Gorrequer's  ideas  concerning  certain 
phases  in  the  history  of  the  captivity,  but  they  are 
so  jealously  guarded  that  it  is  doubtful  if  their  con- 
tents will  ever  be  revealed.  (See  the  "Gorrequer 
Documents,"  p.  241.) 

Gorrequer  died  suddenly  while  walking  in  Jermyn 
Street  on  July  18th,  1841. 

Gors,  Captain  Jean  Claude  de.  The  Secretary  to  the 
Marquis  de  Montchenu.  He  arrived  with  his 
master  in  the  Newcastle  on  June  17th,  1816,  and 
left  St.  Helena  July  29th,  1821,  in  the  Lady  Melville. 

Goulburn,  Henry  (1784-1856).  Under-Secretary  to 
the  Colonies  from  1812  to  1826,  and  therefore 
much  engaged  in  writing  and  receiving  dispatches 
concerning  St.  Helena.  (See  D.N.B.,  Art.  "  Goul- 
burn.") 

Gourgaud,  Gaspard,  General  Baron  de  (1788-1852). 
Master  of  the  Horse  at  Longwood. 

Gourgaud  came  to  St.  Helena  in  the  Northumber- 
land, and  left  on  March  14th,  1818,  in  the  Marquis 
of  Camden.  Before  leaving  he  stayed  for  some 
weeks    with    Lieutenant    Basil    Jackson    at    Bayle 

79 


A   ST.    HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Cottage.  While  in  London  he  lived  at  7  Compton 
Street,  Brunswick  Square,  but  in  November,  1818, 
was  ordered  to  leave  the  country.  Gourgaud  was 
taken  to  Harwich,  and  at  Romford,  while  the  horses 
were  being  changed,  it  being  market  day,  he  called 
out  in  the  inn  yard :  "  Thieves,  murder,  I  am  General 
Gourgaud,  they  are  going  to  rob  and  murder  me." 
(See  The  Asiatic  Journal,  November  14th,  1818.) 
He  returned  in  1840  for  the  exhumation,  and  wrote 
an  account  of  that  voyage.  His  Journal  was  pub- 
lished in  1899,  and  is  most  valuable  as  a  record  of 
dates.  For  a  full  account  of  Gourgaud,  see  Autour  de 
Ste.  Helene  and  Napoleon  a  Ste.  Helene,  by  Masson. 

Grant,  Robert  (1799-1820).     Midshipman  on  board  the 
Vigo. 

Grant  died  at  High  Peak  Hospital  of  consumption, 
but  during  the  early  part  of  his  illness  he  lived  at 
Mason's  Stock  House,  and  was  one  of  the  small  band 
of  devout  men  who  prayed  nightly  for  Napoleon's 
salvation.  (See  St.  Helena  Memoirs,  by  Robson, 
and  "  What  happened  at  Mason's  Stock  House " 
in  this  volume.) 

Gray,  Captain  James,  R.A. 

This  officer  had  an  interview  with  Napoleon  on 
August  25th,  1816,  on  his  way  home  from  the  lie  de 
France.  Lowe  thought  that  Gray  had  shown  dis- 
respect in  not  going  through  the  proper  formalities 
before  going  to  Longwood,  and  in  CO.  247,  7, 
Record  Office,  are  letters  from  Gray  explaining  his 
position.     Gray  died  in  1857. 

Greatly,  Captain  Thomas  (1781-1849).     Of  the  Royal 
Artillery. 

80 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Greatly  was  in  charge  of  the  Royal  Artillery 
detachment  on  board  the  Northumberland.  He 
left  the  Island  in  1817,  and  figures  as  one  of  the 
witnesses  to  Gorrequer's  will. 

Greentree,  Thomas.     Member  of  Council,  and  son-in- 
law  of  Sir  W.  Doveton. 

H 

Hall,  Captain  Basil,  f.r.s.    (1786-1844).     In  command 
of  the  Lyra. 

Hall  was  a  son  of  Sir  James  Hall,  of  Dunglass, 
and  entered  the  Navy  in  1802.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Lyra,  one  of  the  vessels 
chosen  to  accompany  the  Alceste,  conveying  the 
members  of  Lord  Amherst's  Mission  to  China.  On 
the  way  home  from  China  the  Lyra  reached  St. 
Helena  on  August  11th,  1817,  and  on  August  13th 
Captain  Hall  was  granted  an  interview  with  Napoleon. 
A  full  account  of  this  most  interesting  reception  is 
given  in  Hall's  book,  A  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the 
Western  Coast  of  Corea  and  the  Great  Loo  Choo 
Island,  published  in  1817,  but  it  can  also  be  found  in 
Marshall's  Royal  Naval  Biography,  supplement  to 
pt.  iv.,  p.  154.  Mr  Clifford  and  Mr  Hervey  were 
presented  at  the  same  time,  and  the  former  has  left 
an  account  of  his  impressions. 

Captain  Hall  was  a  voluminous  writer,  chiefly  on 
nautical  science,  but  his  Extracts  from  a  Journal, 
1820  to  1822,  will  be  found  interesting. 

Hall,  James.    The    Surgeon    to    the    Favourite,    who 
testified  to  the  fact  that  O'Meara,  at  Ascension,  had 
stated  openly  that  Napoleon  would  not  now  be  alive 
f  81 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

had   he   (O'Meara)   paid   attention  to   Sir   Hudson 
Lowe's  suggestions. 

Hall,  Miss  Mary.  The  governess  or  nursemaid  to  the 
Bertrand  children.  She  was  selected  by  Lady 
Jerningham,  and  arrived  on  June  26th,  1818.  On 
October  16th,  1819,  she  married  St.  Denis. 

Hamilton,  Captain  Gawen  William,  c.b.  (1784-1834). 
Commander  of  the  Havannah. 

Captain  Hamilton  was  born  and  educated  in  France, 
and  entered  the  Navy  in  1801.  He  was  promoted 
Lieutenant  in  1807,  and  was  employed  on  the 
Mediterranean  Station.  In  1811  he  was  advanced 
to  post  rank,  and  commanded  the  Termagant  and 
the  Rainbow.  While  thus  employed  he  captured 
three  privateers,  destroyed  some  batteries  on  the 
coast  of  Valencia,  and  took  part  in  the  unsuccessful 
attack  upon  Leghorn.  Afterwards  he  commanded 
the  Havannah,  which  formed  one  of  the  escort  of 
the  Northumberland,  and  was  presented  to  Napoleon 
on  April  21st,  1816.  Subsequently  he  commanded 
the  Cambrian  at  the  battle  of  Navarino,  and  in  other 
operations  in  the  Grecian  waters. 

Harrison,  Captain  Charles.  Brigade-Major  in  St.  Helena 
during  the  whole  period  of  the  captivity. 

He  came  out  to  the  Island  in  October,  1815,  as 
Captain  in  the  53rd  Regiment,  and  was  at  once 
appointed  Brigade-Major.  On  the  departure  of  this 
regiment  Harrison  remained  on  the  Island  per- 
forming the  same  duties,  and  on  March  29th,  1821, 
he  became  attached  to  the  20th  Regiment  as 
Captain.      He    was    present    at    the    post-mortem 

82 


THE   ST.  HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

examination  of  Napoleon,  and  enjoyed  the  dis- 
tinction, with  Ibbetson,  Lt.  Matthias  and  Lt. 
Hutchins  of  the  Artillery,  of  being  one  of  the  four 
British  officers  who  came  out  to  St.  Helena  with 
Napoleon,  and  who  remained  until  his  death. 
Harrison  apparently  retired  from  the  Army  in  1833. 

Heathorn,  Henry,  of  14  Birchin  Lane.  A  merchant 
who  did  business  with  St.  Helena  and  the  Cape.  He 
was  implicated  with  Harrington  and  Luson  in  the 
question  of  the  "  Cape  Contracts." 

Hendry,  Captain  William.  In  command  of  the 
Rosario,  1819-1821.  Hendry  was  one  of  the  three 
naval  captains  who  inspected  the  body  of  Napoleon 
on  the  morning  of  May  6th.  He  was  appointed  by 
Admiral  Lambert  to  carry  home,  in  the  Heron,  the 
dispatches  to  the  Admiralty  announcing  the  death 
of  Napoleon. 

Henry,  Walter  (1791-1860).  Assistant  Surgeon  to  the 
66th  Regiment. 

Henry  was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Henry,  a 
merchant  in  Donegal,  and  after  being  apprenticed 
to  his  uncle  he  studied  medicine  at  Glasgow, 
St.  Thomas',  Guy's,  and  St.  George's.  In  1811  he 
passed  the  examination  qualifying  him  to  be  ap- 
pointed a  surgeon  to  a  regiment,  and  joined  the  66th 
Foot  as  Assistant  Surgeon.  He  served  through  the 
Peninsular  War,  and  went  with  the  1st  Battalion  to 
India.  He  arrived  with  this  battalion  in  St.  Helena 
on  July  5th,  1817,  and  remained  to  the  end.  His 
subsequent  promotions  were:  Surgeon  in  1826,  Staff 
Surgeon  in  1889,  Deputy  Inspector-General  in  1845, 

83 


A   ST.  HELENA  WHO'S    WHO 

and  Inspector- General  in  1852.  These  two  last 
appointments  were  held  in  Canada,  and  he  died  at 
Belleville  in  1860,  having  retired  in  1855. 

Henry  will  be  chiefly  remembered  for  his  book, 
Events  of  a  Military  Life,  published  in  1843,  which 
was  previously  published  anonymously  under  the 
title  of  Trifles  from  My  Portfolio,  and  in  the  first 
ninety  pages  of  the  second  volume  he  recounts  his 
impressions  of  his  life  in  St.  Helena.  He  was  present 
at  the  post-mortem  examination,  and  in  the  "  Lowe 
Papers,"  vol.  20,214,  p.  200,  is  his  full  and  most 
graphic  account  of  the  proceedings  on  that  occasion. 

Hoath,  Cornet  J.  W.  (1787-1837).  In  command  of 
about  twenty  men  of  the  21st  Light  Dragoons,  who 
were  employed  in  St.  Helena  as  dispatch  riders. 
Lowe  ordered  Hoath  to  give  up  his  command  and  to 
proceed  to  the  Cape.  Thereupon,  Hoath  demanded 
an  inquiry,  since  he  felt  himself  insulted  by  being 
asked  to  hand  over  his  cavalry  command  to  a  mere 
infantry  officer.  He  also  appears  to  have  left  some 
bills  unpaid. 

Hodson,  Major  Charles  Robert  George  (1779-1858). 
Of  the  St.  Helena  Regiment,  and  Judge  Advocate. 

Hodson  was  in  St.  Helena  during  the  whole  of  the 
captivity,  and  before  that  time  he  had  filled  the 
position  of  Town  Major.  He  was  a  tall  man,  over 
six  feet  in  height,  and  of  imposing  appearance. 
For  these  reasons  Napoleon,  who  had  for  him  a 
warm  personal  regard,  styled  him  "Hercules."  On 
November  20th,  1815,  the  evening  of  Sir  George 
Cockburn's  ball,  the  Emperor  paid  Hodson  a  visit  at 
his  house,  and  on  January  4th,  1816,  he  entertained 

84 


MAJOR  GIDEON  CORRKQUKR 


See  page  77. 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

him  and  his  wife  at  dinner  at  Longwood.  Hodson 
was  present  at  the  funeral  of  Napoleon,  and  also  at 
the  exhumation  in  1840.  He  died  at  Bath  in  1858, 
having  attained  to  the  rank  of  Lt. -Colonel. 

Hodson,  Mrs  Maria  (1780-1863).  Wife  of  the  above, 
and  a  daughter  of  Sir  W.  Doveton.  The  Hodsons 
lived  at  "  Maldivia,"  close  to  "  The  Briars,"  and  it  was 
here  that  Napoleon  paid  his  visit.  Colonel  Charles 
Hodson,  the  eldest  son,  who  died  only  a  few  years 
ago,  had  a  vivid  remembrance  of  Napoleon  "  tweak- 
ing "  his  nose  on  the  occasion  of  this  visit.  The 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Hodsons  married,  on  board 
the  Wateruitch,  Captain  Sturdee,  and  the  eldest  son 
by  this  marriage  is  Admiral  Sir  Frederick  Doveton 
Sturdee,  the  victor  in  the  naval  action  off  the  Falkland 
Islands  in  1914. 

Holmes,  William.  A  commission  agent,  who  carried  on 
business  at  Lion's  Inn,  Holborn. 

He  was  a  friend  of  O'Meara,  and  it  was  on  the 
latter 's  recommendation  that  he  was  employed  by  the 
people  at  Longwood  to  carry  through  the  business 
of  negotiating  bills  drawn  by  Bertrand  on  the 
Banking  House  of  Lafitte  at  Paris. 

At  first  he  was  successful  in  getting  the  documents 
honoured,  for,  in  an  intercepted  letter  to  O'Meara, 
he  states  that  various  sums  lent,  amounting  to 
395,000  francs,  have  been  repaid.  (See  Forsyth, 
vol.  iii.,  p.  61.)  Apparently,  however,  he  soon 
encountered  difficulty  in  Paris,  on  account  of  the 
bankers  there  thinking  that  he  was  not  supplied 
with  sufficient  authority.  Holmes  therefore  applied 
to  Prince  Eugene  Beauharnais,  who  held  funds  at 

85 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Napoleon's  disposal,  and,  according  to  Bertrand,  he 
received  from  the  Prince  182,000  francs.  None  of 
this  money  ever  found  its  way  to  St.  Helena,  nor  did 
Holmes  repay  the  amount,  or  render  any  account  of 
it.  Counts  Bertrand  and  Montholon,  in  a  letter 
dated  May,  1827,  and  now  published  for  the  first 
time  (see  the  "Case  of  Reardon"),  state  this  fact, 
and  assign  £365  of  Holmes'  debt  to  Reardon,  and  in 
1857  Reardon's  son  was  advised  to  sue  Holmes  for  the 
amount,  to  be  paid  him  out  of  the  182,000  francs 
which  he  still  owed  the  estate  of  Napoleon. 

Napoleon's  paper  was  hawked  about  Europe, 
the  favourite  countries  for  these  operations  being 
England,  France,  and  Italy,  and  owing  to  the  fact 
that  correspondence  with  Longwood  was  difficult, 
it  is  possible  that  much  of  the  money  intended  for 
the  needs  of  the  illustrious  prisoner  found  its  way 
into  the  pockets  of  the  unscrupulous.  Holmes  was 
one  of  the  executors  under  O'Meara's  will. 

Hook,  Theodore  (1788-1841).  Stayed  in  St  Helena,  on 
his  way  home  from  Mauritius,  from  November  2nd 
to  the  26th,  1818.  (See  Mr  Watson's  Polish  Exile, 
p.  255.)  He  published  in  1819,  probably  at  the 
instance  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  Facts  Illustrative  of 
the  Treatment  of  Napoleon,  and  these  have  since  been 
reprinted  by  Mr  Shorter.  O'Meara  published,  in 
1819,  his  Exposition  as  a  reply.  Hook  was  ready  to 
sell  his  pen  to  anybody,  and  his  doubtful  character 
renders  his  opinions  of  little  value. 

I 

Ibbetson,  Denzil  (1788-1857).  The  Commissary  in 
St.  Helena. 


THE   ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

Ibbetson  entered  the  Commissariat  Department 
of  the  Army  as  clerk  in  1808,  and  went  through  the 
Peninsular  War,  receiving  the  medals  for  Roleia 
and  Vimiera.  In  1814  he  was  promoted  Assistant 
Commissary-General,  and  was  selected  to  proceed 
to  St.  Helena  in  1815.  He  sailed  on  board  the 
Northumberland  with  Napoleon,  and  remained  in 
St.  Helena  until  June,  1823.  He  thus  shares,  with 
Brigade-Major  Harrison,  the  distinction  of  being  one 
of  the  four  British  officers  who  remained  in  St.  Helena 
during  the  whole  period  of  the  captivity.  For  the 
first  three  years  of  his  stay  in  St.  Helena,  Ibbetson 
had  little  to  do  with  Longwood,  for  the  Purveyorship 
was  in  the  hands  of  Balcombe,  Fowler  and  Co. ;  but 
after  the  departure  of  Balcombe,  Ibbetson  assumed 
charge,  and  apparently  performed  his  duties  to  the 
satisfaction  of  Lowe,  for  the  Governor  wrote  a 
eulogistic  letter  afterwards. 

But  Ibbetson's  chief  claim  to  distinction  rests 
upon  his  ability  as  an  artist.  While  on  board  the 
Northumberland  he  made  sketches  of  Napoleon, 
many  of  which  were  in  the  collection  of  Mr  A.  M. 
Broadley.  Again,  while  in  St.  Helena,  he  did  several 
portraits  and  sketches  of  Napoleon  and  his  followers, 
notably  the  sketch  of  Napoleon  on  his  death-bed, 
and  before  he  was  dressed  in  his  uniform.  For  a 
full  account  of  Ibbetson,  see  the  excellent  article 
by  the  late  Mr  A.  M.  Broadley  in  The  Century 
Magazine,  April,  1912. 

J 

Jackson,  Lt.-Colonel  Basil  (1795-1889).     Lieutenant  in 
the  Staff  Corps  in  St.  Helena. 

87 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Jackson  came  out  in  the  Phaeton  with  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe,  and  arrived  on  April  14th,  1816.  He  was 
charged  with  the  duty,  under  Major  Emmett,  of 
supervising  the  repairs  to  Longwood,  the  building  of 
Bertrand's  Villa,  and  Longwood  New  House.  He 
was  thus  brought  into  close  contact  with  the  resi- 
dents, and  his  knowledge  of  French  made  his  society 
agreeable.  On  July  20th,  1817,  in  company  with 
Major  Emmett,  he  had  an  interview  with  Napoleon, 
and  on  July  8th,  1819,  he  left  St.  Helena  in  the 
Dunira,  with  Mrs  Hodson  and  Mrs  Knipe. 

Jackson  was  an  artist,  and  did  several  water-colour 
sketches  of  views  in  St.  Helena,  and  several  of 
Napoleon  himself.  He  also  drew  the  plans  of  Long- 
wood  New  House.  Jackson  died  at  the  advanced 
age  of  ninety-four,  in  1889,  and  has,  therefore,  the 
distinction  of  being  the  last  to  survive  of  those  con- 
nected with  the  captivity.  For  a  full  account  of 
Jackson,  see  his  book,  Reminiscences  of  a  Staff  Officer, 
published  in  1877,  and  again  in  1903. 

Jackson,  Major  Edward,  k.h.     In  command  of  the  20th 
Foot  during  the  absence  of  Colonel  South. 

Jackson  figures  in  the  history  of  the  captivity  on 
account  of  the  action  he  took  when  Napoleon  pre- 
sented to  the  20th  Regiment  the  Campaigns  of 
Marlborough  on  April  14th,  1821.  These  books 
were  transmitted  through  Captain  Lutyens,  the 
Orderly  Officer,  and  Major  Jackson  wrote  to  him, 
asking  how  the  20th  could  accept  books  which  bore 
the  "Imperial  Inscription."  Lowe  had  already 
mentioned  his  doubts  concerning  the  wisdom  of 
accepting  such  a  present  from  such  a  source,  and 

88 


THE   ST.  HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

the  books  were  returned.  Eventually  the  20th  re- 
gained possession  of  them,  and  they  now  rest  in  the 
archives  of  the  Lancashire  Fusiliers. 

Jackson  became  Lt. -Colonel  in  1826,  and  died  at 
Scarborough  on  June  21st,  1841. 

Janisch,  William.  Came  out  in  the  Phaeton  with  Lowe, 
as  a  clerk  to  Ibbetson,  the  Commissary,  but  having 
little  to  do,  he  was  employed  by  the  Governor  in 
secretarial  duties.  Janisch  was  a  neat  writer,  and 
on  comparing  much  of  the  copied  matter  in  the 
"Lowe  Papers"  with  his  handwriting,  the  supposi- 
tion seems  warrantable  that  he  was  largely  occupied 
with  these  duties.  Janisch  stayed  on  in  St.  Helena, 
and  was  present  at  the  exhumation,  an  account  of 
which  he  wrote.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Major 
Seale,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Hudson,  who  became 
Governor  of  the  Island,  and  who  published  Extracts 
from  the  St.  Helena  Records. 

Johnson,  Miss  Charlotte.  Stepdaughter  of  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe.  She  married  on  March  26th,  1820,  Count 
Balmain,  the  Russian  Commissioner,  and  died  in 
1824. 

Johnson,  Miss  Susanna.  The  younger  stepdaughter  of 
Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  She  did  not  arrive  in  St.  Helena 
until  May  6th,  1819,  in  the  William  Pitt.  (See 
"Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,161.)  She  died  unmarried 
in  1828. 

Jones,  Captain  Jenkin.  Came  out  to  St.  Helena  as 
officer  of  the  Newcastle,  and  in  1817  was  given  the 
command  of  the  Julia.  This  vessel  was  wrecked  off 
Tristan  D'Acunha.     Captain  Jones  was  presented  to 

89 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

Napoleon  on  June  4th,  1816,  and  on  June   19th, 
1817.     He  died  in  1843. 

Jones,  Reverend  Samuel.     Senior  Chaplain  in  St.  Helena 
from  1808  to  1815. 

It  is  abundantly  clear  from  a  perusal  of  the 
St.  Helena  records  that  Mr  Jones  was  hardly  less 
troublesome  to  the  authorities  than  Mr  Boys.  In 
April,  1812,  for  some  reason  not  evident,  the  Council 
appointed  him  "  Inspector  of  the  Strayed  Sheep  and 
Goats."  Mr  Jones  thereupon  wrote  to  the  Council 
and  stigmatised  his  appointment  as  a  public  insult, 
and  said,  amongst  other  things,  that  he  already  had 
a  very  wild  herd  of  goats  to  look  after  in  his  own 
congregation.  At  this  time  he  adopted  the  practice 
(afterwards  followed  so  notoriously  by  Boys)  of 
voicing  his  views  concerning  the  Government  and 
private  people  from  the  security  of  the  pulpit,  and 
such  a  nuisance  did  he  become  that  the  Council 
ordered  him  not  to  make  any  more  allusions  from 
the  pulpit.  To  this  order  Jones  replied  in  a  letter 
of  twenty-eight  pages.  Early  in  1815  the  bitter 
controversy  between  the  two  chaplains,  Jones  and 
Boys,  began,  and  this  continued  with  increasing 
virulence  until,  on  April  10th,  Mr  Jones  was  sus- 
pended from  his  duties,  and  was  retired  on  an 
allowance  of  five  shillings  per  day,  and  £150  as 
compensation  for  the  loss  of  his  house,  which  he  let 
afterwards  to  Sir  George  Bingham. 

When  Napoleon  arrived,  Mr  Jones  was  acting  as 
tutor  to  the  children  of  Balcombe,  and  he  was  re- 
ceived by  the  Emperor  on  May  27th,  1816.  On  the 
following  day  O'Meara  records  the  fact  that  Napoleon 

90 


THE   ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

was  of  opinion  that  Mr  Jones  was  used  most  shame- 
fully, and  that  he  should  not  have  been  superseded, 
if  only  for  the  sake  of  his  wife  and  children.  On 
being  asked  by  Napoleon  whether  Mr  Jones  was  a 
good  man,  O'Meara  replied  that  he  believed  so,  but 
that  he  was  rather  prone  to  meddling. 

K 

Kay,  Dr  David.  The  Superintendent  of  the  Medical 
Establishment  in  St.  Helena,  and  a  Senior  Merchant. 
He  retired  from  the  former  position  in  1820,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Matthew  Livingstone.  He  died 
in  1838. 

Keating,  Sir  Henry  Sheehy,  k.c.b.  (1777-1847).  Lt.- 
General,  and  Governor  of  the  He  de  Bourbon. 

Keating  paid  a  visit  to  Napoleon  on  July  27th, 
1816,  and  at  Lowe's  last  interview  with  the  Emperor 
a  heated  discussion  took  place  as  to  what  Keating 
had  said  concerning  the  book  Mr  Hobhouse  had  sent 
Napoleon,  but  which  had  been  detained  by  Lowe  on 
account  of  the  "  Imperial  Inscription  "  on  the  fly-leaf. 
The  substance  of  Keating's  interview  is  given  in 
Forsyth,  vol.  i.,  p.  193,  and  when  Keating  arrived  in 
England  he  detailed  it  to  the  Prince- Regent,  who, 
in  turn,  told  it  to  Louis  Philippe.  Keating  married 
Mary  Anne  Singer  at  Dublin  on  November  9th, 
1799,  and  died  of  cancer  at  Cheltenham  in  1847.  In 
CO.  247,  26,  Public  Record  Office,  is  a  letter  of 
Keating's,  addressed  to  Lord  Bathurst,  and  asking  if 
Napoleon  was  still  in  St.  Helena  on  January  20th, 
1819.  The  reason  for  the  application  was  that 
Keating  had  made  a  bet  that  Napoleon  would  still 

91 


A   ST.  HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

be  a  prisoner  on  the  date  mentioned.     (See  W.O. 
42,  K.  12,  Record  Office.) 

Kerr,  John.  Afterwards  styled  John  Kerr  Trattle. 
Paymaster  to  the  66th  Regiment,  and  one  of  the 
artists. 

He  is  mentioned  by  Mrs  Shortt,  in  her  Letters 
published  in  Tlw  English  Review  in  1914,  as  being 
engaged  on  the  morning  of  Napoleon's  funeral  in 
making  sketches  of  the  scene.  Six  of  his  water- 
colour  sketches,  with  explanatory  notes,  and  dedicated 
to  Lady  Lowe,  were  engraved  by  Havell,  and  pub- 
lished by  Colnaghi  under  the  title  of  Kerr's  Views  of 
St.  Helena.  Kerr,  or  Trattle,  died  on  November 
18th,  1849. 

Kitts.  Sergeant  of  the  66th  Regiment.  Mentioned 
frequently  in  Nicholls'  Journal  as  helping  to  obtain 
a  view  of  Napoleon. 

Knipe,  Miss.  "  Le  Bouton  de  Rose."  The  daughter  of 
a  farmer,  and  much  admired  by  Napoleon  and  his 
followers.  She  married  a  Mr  Hamilton  in  1820,  and 
left  the  Island. 

L 

Lacey.  Sergeant  of  the  66th  Regiment.  Was  stationed 
at  Longwood,  and  frequently  reported  to  Captain 
Nicholls  that  he  had  seen  Napoleon. 

Lambert,  Rear-Admiral  Robert  (1772-1836).  In  com- 
mand of  the  St.  Helena  Station  from  July  14th,  1820, 
to  September  11th,  1821. 

Admiral  Lambert  was  the  eldest  son  of  Captain 
Lambert,  r.n.,   and   entered   the  service  at  a  very 

92 


THE   ST.  HELENA   WHO'S    WHO 

early  age.  In  1791  he  was  promoted  Lieutenant  to 
the  Barfleur,  bearing  the  flag  of  Admiral  Cornwallis, 
and  in  this  ship  he  took  part  in  the  action  of  June 
1st,  1794.  In  1795  he  was  appointed  to  the  Suffolk 
as  Flag-Captain  to  Admiral  Rainier,  and  served  in 
this  capacity  at  the  reduction  of  Ceylon,  Amboyna, 
and  Banda.  Ill  health  compelled  Lambert  to  relin- 
quish this  command  in  1798,  and  he  did  not  go  to 
sea  again  until  1801,  when  he  commanded  the  Saturn 
in  the  expedition  to  the  Baltic,  under  Sir  Hyde 
Parker.  After  this  he  commanded  the  Duncan, 
and  the  Royal  Sovereign,  and  was  employed  on  the 
Mediterranean  Station  until  the  end  of  the  war.  In 
1819  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Rear- Admiral. 
In  1820  Lambert  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
St.  Helena  Station,  and  reached  that  Island  on  July 
14th,  1820,  in  the  Vigo.  He  left  his  card  at  Long- 
wood,  but  was  not  received  by  Napoleon.  The 
morning  after  the  Emperor's  death  he  viewed  the 
body,  with  three  naval  captains,  and  sent  home  to 
the  Admiralty  Captain  Hendry  with  the  official 
dispatch  announcing  the  death.  Many  interesting 
and  original  letters  of  Lambert  concerning  his  period 
of  service  in  St.  Helena  are  in  the  possession  of 
Mr  Sabin. 

Lane,  Jeremiah.  During  the  first  few  months  of  the 
captivity  this  man  acted  as  under-valet  to  Napoleon, 
but  his  services  were  soon  dispensed  with. 

La  Roche.  A  cook  at  Longwood  who  was  left  on  the 
Island  by  Lord  Amherst.  He  succeeded  Le  Page, 
but  was  rendered  ill  by  the  fumes  from  the  cracked 
cooking  stove.     He  was  interviewed,  in  London,  by 

93 


A   ST.  HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

his  successor,  Chandelier,  as  to  the  kind  of  dishes 
preferred  by  Napoleon. 

Las  Cases,  Emanuel  Auguste  Dieudonne'  Marius 
Joseph,  Marquis  de  (1776-1842).  Accompanied 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena.  He  was  arrested  at  Long- 
wood  on  November  25th,  1816,  and  deported  in  the 
Griffon  on  December  30th.  His  famous  Memorial 
was  published  in  1823. 

Las  Cases,  Emanuel  Pons  Dieudonne\  Comte  de 
(1800-1854).  Son  of  the  above;  came  to  St.  Helena 
with  his  father,  and  was  deported  with  him.  He 
returned  for  the  exhumation,  and  published  an 
account  of  the  occurrence.  For  full  accounts  of 
Las  Cases,  see  Napoleon  a  Ste.  Helene,  by  Masson. 

Lascelles,  Lt.-Colonel  Edmund.  In  command  of  the 
66th  Regiment. 

During  the  absence  of  Colbnel  Nicol,  Lascelles 
commanded  the  regiment  from  September  13th  to 
November  12th,  1817,  and  again  from  February  25th 
to  October  23rd,  1818.  Becoming  implicated  in  the 
question  of  the  attendance  of  O'Meara  at  the  mess 
of  the  66th,  he  was  sent  home  by  Lowe  on 
October  29th,  1818.  He  was,  however,  permitted 
to  return  in  1820.  Lascelles  filed  an  affidavit  in 
favour  of  Lowe  in  the  case  of  Lowe  v.  O'Meara,  and 
eventually  he  became  Barrack  Master  at  Gibraltar. 
He  died  in  1853. 

Le  Page,  Michel.  The  cook  at  Longwood.  He  became 
morose  and  left  the  Island  in  May,  1818. 

LEy,  Samuel.     A  corporal  of  the  20th  Regiment,  who 

94 


THE  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

was  present  in  the  room  when  the  body  of  Napoleon 
was  enclosed  in  the  coffins. 

Livingstone,  Matthew.  Surgeon  and  Superintendent 
of  the  East  India  Company's  Medical  Establishment 
in  St.  Helena.  Came  to  St.  Helena  in  1815,  and  died 
there  on  October  10th,  1821,  of  apoplexy. 

He  was  frequently  called  in  to  attend  the  Ber- 
trands  and  the  Montholons,  and  raised  difficulties 
about  giving  Madame  Montholon  a  certificate  of 
health,  to  enable  her  to  proceed  to  Europe.  He 
also  differed  from  Dr  Verling  as  to  the  nature  of 
Montholon's  complaint,  and  this  led  to  a  quarrel 
between  the  two  doctors,  which  is  related  by  Sir 
Thomas  Tteade  (see  "Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,207). 
In  Verling's  Journal  is  a  curious  account  of  Living- 
stone's professional  visit  to  Madame  Bertrand,  and 
the  extraordinary  conversation  between  the  Ber- 
trands  as  the  result  of  his  examination  of  Madame 
Bertrand.  Livingstone  attended  the  post-mortem 
examination  of  Napoleon,  but  went  away  before  the 
completion  of  the  operation,  and  in  Dr  Shortt's 
original  draft  of  the  report  Livingstone's  name  is 
omitted.  These  facts  led  Lowe  to  suspect  that  he 
had  been  sent  away  by  Dr  Shortt  for  some  special 
purpose.  In  the  final  draft  of  the  report,  however, 
his  name  appears.  Livingstone  was  asked  by  Lowe 
in  the  presence  of  Shortt  whether  he  observed  any- 
thing abnormal  in  the  liver  at  the  post-mortem 
examination,  and  he  replied  in  the  negative.  In 
St.  Helena  his  services  were  in  request  on  account  of 
his  skill  as  an  accoucheur.  (See  Verling's  Journal, 
and  "Lowe  Papers,"  vols.  20,133,  20,140.) 

95 


A   ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Loudoun,  The  Countess  of  (1780-1840). 

Was  the  wife  of  Lord  Moira,  the  Governor- 
General  of  India,  who  afterwards  became  Marquis 
of  Hastings.  She  stayed  at  St.  Helena  for  a  short 
time,  on  her  passage  to  England,  with  her  children, 
Lord  Hungerford,  and  Lady  Flora  Hastings,  whose 
fate  was  afterwards  so  tragic.  She  was  the  unwitting 
cause  of  Lowe's  tactless  invitation  to  Napoleon  to 
come  and  meet  the  Countess  at  dinner.  This  invita- 
tion was  sent  on  May  11th,  1816. 

Lowe,  Sir  Hudson,  k.c.b.,  g.c.m.g.,  Lt.-General,  Governor 
of  St.  Helena.  Born  at  Galway,  July  28th,  1769. 
Died  at  Chelsea  Cottage,  January  10th,  1844,  aged 
seventy-four.  Buried  in  St.  Mark's  Church,  North 
Audley  Street.  Married  Mrs  Johnson,  the  sister  of 
General  Sir  William  de  Lancy,  December  31st,  1815. 
Heard  of  his  appointment  as  Governor  of  St.  Helena 
at  Marseilles,  August  1st,  1815.  Left  for  St.  Helena 
in  the  Phaeton  frigate,  January  29th,  1816,  and 
arrived  April  14th,  1816.  First  visit  to  Napoleon, 
April  17th,  1816.  Second  visit,  April  30th,  1816. 
Third  visit,  May  17th,  1816.  Fourth  visit,  June 
20th,  1816.  Fifth  visit,  July  16th  or  17th,  1816. 
Sixth  visit,  August  18th,  1816.  Saw  Napoleon  by 
accident  on  August  4th,  1819,  and  again  about 
November  20th,  1820.  Left  St.  Helena,  July  25th, 
1821,  in  the  Dunira. 

Lowe,  Lady  (1781-1832).     The  wife  of  Sir  Hudson. 

Lady  Lowe  was  the  sister  of  Sir  William  De 
Lancy,  and  married  Colonel  Johnson,  who  died  in 
1812.  When  she  arrived  at  St.  Helena  she  was  about 
thirty-five  years  old,  and   according  to   Sir  Henry 


I)K.  WALTER  HENRY 


See  page  8  ]. 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S    WHO 

Russell,  "had  a  great  deal  to  say  and  very  little 
reserve  in  saying  it."  He  described  her  as  "  a  large, 
showy-looking  woman  of  about  forty,  who  has  been 
handsome,  with  an  air  of  fashion  about  her,  but  who 
is  too  highly  rouged  and  too  decolletee."  The  same 
authority  states  that  she  frequently  used  to  say  that 
Sir  Thomas  Reade  was  the  real  Governor.  (See 
Swallowfield  and  its  Owners,  by  Lady  Russell.) 

She  never  called  on  Madame  Bertrand,  and  she 
appears  not  to  have  been  altogether  popular  with 
other  ladies  in  St.  Helena.  Mrs  Shortt,  for  instance, 
hints  in  her  diary  at  a  "terrible  fracas  with  her 
ladyship,"  and  elsewhere  mentions  that  she  learned 
one  day  that  at  first  the  only  complaints  Lady  Lowe 
had  against  her  were  "her  Scotch  accent,  and  her 
long  waist." 

Lutyens,  Captain  Engelbert  (1784-1830).    Orderly  Officer 
at  Longwood. 

Lutyens  joined  the  20th  Foot  Regiment,  and 
went  through  the  Peninsular  War.  He  became 
Captain  in  1818,  and  was  given  his  majority  in 
1821,  at  a  date  previous  to  that  of  Captain  Crokat, 
who  received  the  same  promotion  on  account  of 
having  been  entrusted  with  the  dispatch  announcing 
the  death  of  Napoleon.  The  regiment  claimed  that 
Lutyens  should  have  carried  the  dispatch,  and  the 
claim  was  allowed. 

Lutyens  was  appointed  Orderly  Officer  at  Long- 
wood  on  February  10th,  1820,  but  resigned  the 
appointment  on  April  26th,  1821,  because  Major 
Jackson,  the  commander  of  the  20th  Foot,  blamed 
him  for  receiving  the  Life  of  Marlborough,  which 
g  97 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

had  been  presented  to  the  regiment  by  Napoleon 
through  Arnott.  He  died  on  January  26th,  1830, 
two  days  out  from  Bombay,  in  the  Bolton.  The 
daily  reports  of  Lutyens  which  are  found  in  vol. 
20,211  of  the  "Lowe  Papers"  have  been  printed 
by  Sir  Lees  Knowles,  Bart.,  and  an  excellent  portrait 
of  Lutyens  is  given  in  the  volume. 

Lyster,  Thomas.  Inspector  of  Coasts  and  Volunteers 
in  St.  Helena,  with  the  local  rank  of  Lt.-Colonel. 

Lyster  had  served  with  Lowe  in  the  early  years 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  was  specially  selected 
to  go  out  to  St.  Helena.  On  July  16th,  1818,  he 
was  appointed  Orderly  Officer  at  Longwood,  in 
succession  to  Captain  Blakeney,  who  had  resigned. 
Napoleon  took  umbrage  at  this  appointment  on  the 
grounds  that  Lyster  was  not  an  officer  of  the  regular 
army,  and  because  he  believed  that  he  had  served  in 
the  Corsican  Rangers.  As  a  result  of  these  disputes, 
Lyster  lost  his  temper,  and,  after  having  been  shown 
by  Lowe  Bertrand's  intemperate  letter  of  complaint, 
challenged  the  Grand  Marshal  to  a  duel.  He  was, 
therefore,  removed  from  Longwood,  and  Blakeney 
was  reappointed.  By  far  the  best  letter  of  O'Meara 
to  Finlaison  is  that  in  which  he  describes  this  incident. 
Lyster  died  in  the  Isle  of  Man  on  May  10th,  1841. 

M 

McCarthy,  Charles.  A  Lieutenant  in  the  66th  Foot. 
He  was  musical  and  composed  a  dirge  which  was 
played  by  the  band  at  the  funeral  of  Napoleon.  A 
copy  of  this  dirge,  probably  the  only  one  in  existence, 
is  in  the  possession  of  Miss  Owen. 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

MacLeod,  John  (1782-1820).  Born  at  Bunhill,  in 
Dumbartonshire.  Surgeon  to  the  Alceste,  which 
conveyed  the  Amherst  Mission  to  China,  and  which, 
on  the  return  home,  was  wrecked  outside  the  Gaspar 
Straits.  MacLeod  wrote  the  interesting  account  of 
the  voyage  entitled  The  Voyage  and  Shipwreck  of  the 
"  Alceste  "  (Murray,  1818),  and  in  the  last  five  pages  he 
describes  his  impressions  of  the  visit  to  Napoleon  on 
July  1st,  1817.  He  died  of  consumption  at  Chelsea 
on  November  9th,  1820.  (See  Annual  Biography  and 
Obituary,  1822.) 

Malcolm,  Lady  Clementina  (17  -1830).  Wife  of  Sir 
Pulteney  Malcolm.  She  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Hon.  William  Fullarton  Elphinstone,  and  niece 
of  Lord  Keith.  She  married  Sir  P.  Malcolm  in  1809, 
and  came  out  to  St.  Helena  with  him.  While  there 
she  saw  much  of  Napoleon,  and  it  was  owing  to  her 
that  the  conversations  between  the  Emperor  and  her 
husband  were  recorded.  Lady  Malcolm,  Mrs  Skelton, 
and  Mrs  Balcombe  are  the  only  three  British  ladies 
who  were  really  intimate  with  Napoleon. 

Malcolm,  Rear-Admiral  Sir  Pulteney,  g.c.b.,  g.c.m.g. 
(1768-1838). 

Malcolm  succeeded  Sir  George  Cockburn  on  the 
St.  Helena  Station,  and  arrived  in  the  Newcastle  on 
June  17th,  1816.  On  account  of  his  handsome 
presence  and  engaging  manners  he  soon  gained  the 
warm  regard  of  Napoleon,  and  with  his  wife  he 
paid  him  many  visits  at  Longwood.  Although 
Malcolm  did  all  he  could  to  smooth  over  the  differ- 
ences between  Lowe  and  Napoleon,  his  close  relations 
with  the  Emperor  were  viewed  with   suspicion  by 

99 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

the  Governor.  No  open  rupture  took  place,  but 
at  the  expiration  of  his  command  in  June,  1817, 
Malcolm  left  the  Island  with  no  very  friendly  feeling 
towards  Lowe.  Lady  Malcolm's  Diary,  containing 
the  substance  of  the  conversations  with  Napoleon, 
was  published  in  1899.  For  an  account  of  Malcolm's 
career,  see  D.N.B.,  Art.  "Malcolm,"  Ralfe's  Naval 
Biography,  and  Marshall's  Royal  Naval  Biography. 

Manning.    The  Thibetan  traveller. 

Manning  was  one  of  those  who  had  been  detained 
in  France  during  the  war,  but  who  was  released  by 
order  of  Napoleon.  On  coming  to  St.  Helena  he 
was  granted  an  interview  by  the  Emperor  on  June 
7th,  1817. 

Mansel,  Lt.-Colonel  John,  c.b.  (1778-1863).     In  com- 
mand of  the  53rd  Foot  Regiment. 

Mansel  was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Mansel,  of 
Ischoed,  in  Carmarthenshire,  and  entered  the  Army 
as  Ensign  in  the  53rd  Foot  in  1795.  His  first  service 
was  in  the  West  Indies,  but,  having  obtained  his 
majority  in  1807,  he  proceeded  with  the  1st  Battalion 
to  India,  and  in  1811  joined  the  2nd  Battalion  in 
Spain,  where  he  was  present  at  Ciudad  Rodrigo, 
Badajos,  Salamanca,  and  Toulouse.  During  part  of 
this  period  he  commanded  the  2nd  Battalion,  and 
on  two  occasions  was  given  the  command  of  a 
brigade.  Mansel  accepted  the  command  of  the 
2nd  Battalion  of  the  53rd  Foot,  when  ordered  to 
St.  Helena,  on  learning  that  his  brother-in-law,  Sir 
George  Bingham,  was  to  be  the  Brigadier- General. 
He  did  not,  however,  proceed  with  the  regiment, 
but  arrived  on  May  6th,  1816,  and  left  again  in  the 

100 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Adamant  in  January,  1817.  He  was  received  by 
Napoleon  on  May  28th  and  August  3rd,  1816.  After 
his  return  to  England,  Mansel  went  to  India  and 
assumed  the  command  of  the  1st  Battalion.  This 
post  he  held  until  1827,  when  he  retired. 

(References :  History  of  the  53rd  Regiment,  by 
Rogerson.  See  also  Mr  Shorter's  Napoleon  and  his 
Fellow  Travellers,  where  an  interesting  letter  of 
Mansel  is  published.) 

Marchand,  Louis  (1792-1876).  First  Valet  to  Napoleon 
at  Longwood  and  executor  under  his  will.  His 
mother  was  nurse  to  the  King  of  Rome.  He  re- 
mained throughout  the  captivity,  and  returned  for 
the  exhumation  in  1840.  Marchand  married  in  1823 
the  daughter  of  General  Brayer,  and  was  created  a 
count  in  1869.  (See  Apres  la  Mort  de  VEmpereur, 
by  Cahuet,  for  a  full  account  of  Marchand.) 

Marry  at,  Captain  Frederick  (1791-1848).  In  command 
of  the  Beaver  at  St.  Helena.  He  was  one  of  the 
three  naval  captains  who  inspected  the  body  of 
Napoleon  on  May  6th,  and  made  a  sketch  of  the 
dead  Emperor  at  Lowe's  request,  and  also  one  of 
the  funeral.  Was,  of  course,  the  well  -  known 
novelist. 

Martin,  Mrs.  The  housekeeper  to  the  Marquis  de 
Montchenu,  who  tried  to  kiss  her.  When  Napoleon 
was  told  of  the  incident  by  O'Meara,  he  remarked : 
"I  suppose  the  old  ram  wanted  to  violate  her." 
(See  O'Meara's  letters  to  Reade  and  Gorrequer, 
"  Lowe  Papers.") 

Mason,  Miss  Polly.  One  of  the  chief  landowners  in 
St.  Helena.     She  lived  on  the  farther  side  of  Pros- 

101 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

perous  Valley,  and  Lowe  proposed  to  rent  her  house 
for  Napoleon  at  £100  per  month.  According  to 
Mr  Norwood  Young,  she  is  remembered  at  the 
present  day  in  St.  Helena  on  account  of  her  habit 
of  riding  on  an  ox. 

Maxwell,  Sir  Murray,  c.b.,  f.r.s.  In  command  of  the 
Alceste.  In  company  with  Lord  Amherst  he  was 
presented  to  Napoleon  on  July  1st,  1817.  He  died 
in  1831. 

Metcalf,  James.  A  carpenter  in  St.  Helena  who  often 
did  repairs  to  the  furniture  at  Longwood.  In  this 
capacity  he  was  sometimes  in  the  presence  of 
Napoleon,  particularly  on  April  16th  and  17th, 
1821,  when  the  dying  Emperor  from  his  bed  in  the 
drawing-room  watched  him  finishing  his  work.  After 
death  it  was  Metcalf  who  made  the  coffins  of  the 
great  Emperor  which  now  rest  in  the  Invalides. 
The  subsequent  history  of  this  carpenter  is  unknown, 
but  his  great-grandson,  Mr  Hands,  still  lives  in 
St.  Helena. 

Meynell,  Captain  Henry  (1789-1865).  Commander  of 
the  Newcastle.  During  the  year  that  the  Newcastle 
was  on  the  St.  Helena  Station,  Captain  Meynell 
frequently  accompanied  Admiral  Malcolm  when 
visiting  Napoleon  at  Longwood,  and  his  diary  re- 
cording the  conversations  on  these  occasions  was 
published  in  1911.  Meynell  sat  as  Member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Lisburn,  Ireland,  from  1826  to  1847,  and 
in  1862  he  became  full  Admiral. 

Millington,  Abraham.  The  armourer  who  soldered  up 
the  coffin  of  Napoleon  on  the  evening  of  May  7th, 

102 


THE   ST.    HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

1821.     He  has  left  an  account  of  the  proceeding. 
(See  Military  Gazette,  1838.) 

Mitchell,  Charles,  m.d.  (1783-1856).  Surgeon  on  board 
the  Vigo,  the  flag-ship  on  the  St.  Helena  Station 
from  1820  to  1821. 

Mitchell  entered  the  Navy  in  the  early  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  in  1806  became  full  Surgeon. 
While  at  St.  Helena  he  was  called  in  on  May  3rd  to 
consult  with  Shortt,  Arnott,  and  Antommarchi  con- 
cerning Napoleon's  grave  condition,  but  he  was  not 
allowed  to  see  the  patient.  He  attended  the  post- 
mortem examination,  and  signed  the  official  report. 
After  retiring  from  the  service,  Mitchell  lived  at 
Carisbrooke,  Isle  of  Wight,  where  he  died  on 
December  22nd,  1856. 

Montchenu,  Claude  Marin  Henri,  Marquis  de  (1757- 
1831).  The  French  Commissioner  in  St.  Helena. 
He  came  to  St.  Helena  on  June  17th,  1816,  on  board 
the  Newcastle,  attended  by  his  secretary,  Captain 
de  Gors,  and  his  servant,  Thomas  Salambre.  He 
left  on  July  29th,  1821,  in  the  Lady  Melville.  For 
further  particulars  concerning  the  grotesque  person- 
ality of  Montchenu,  see  Autour  de  Ste.  Helene,  by 
Masson,  and  Events  of  a  Military  Life,  by  Henry. 
Also  La  Captivite  de  Ste.  Htlene,  dapres  les  Rapports 
inidits  du  Marquis  de  Montchenu,  Firmin-Didot, 
1894. 

Montholon,  Charles  Tristan,  Comte  de  (1783-1853). 
Came  out  to  St.  Helena  with  Napoleon,  and  remained 
the  whole  time.  He  married  Albine  Helene  de 
Vassel  (b.   1780),  by  whom  he  had  three  children. 

103 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Madame  de  Montholon  left  St.  Helena  with  her 
children  on  July  2nd,  1819,  in  the  Lady  Campbell, 
and  Montholon  left  on  May  27th,  1821,  on  board  the 
Camel.  He  published  his  Recits  in  1846.  For  a  full 
account  of  Montholon,  see  Autour  de  Ste.  Helene 
and  Napoleon  a  Ste.  Helene,  by  Frederic  Masson. 

Murray,  Captain  James  Arthur. 

Captain  Murray,  the  son  of  Lord  William  Murray, 
and  nephew  of  the  Duke  of  Atholl,  was  born  in  1790, 
and  entered  the  Navy  in  1803.  After  promotion  to 
the  post  of  Lieutenant  in  the  Unicorn  in  1809,  he 
was  employed  off  the  coast  of  Portugal  during  the 
Peninsular  War,  and  while  performing  these  duties 
the  Surgeon  of  the  Unicorn  was  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment in  the  Marshalsea  for  striking  Captain 
Murray  at  the  officers'  mess.  On  May  14th,  1816, 
Captain  Murray  was  given  the  command  of  the 
Griffon  on  the  St.  Helena  Station,  and  on  November 
15th  of  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  Spey. 
This  last  command  he  held  until  November  21st, 
1817 ;  but  in  the  following  March  he  was  tried  by 
court  martial,  at  the  instance  of  Admiral  Plampin, 
for  failing  to  send  supplies  to  the  Julia,  and  the 
Island  of  Ascension.     He  was,  however,  acquitted. 

Captain  Murray  had  an  interview  with  Napoleon 
on  August  1st,  1816. 

N 

Nagle,   Michael   (1795-1814).     Lieutenant  in  the   53rd 
Foot. 

Married  on  July  30th,  1815,  at  Portsmouth,  Emma 
Valentine,  a  daughter  of  a  clergyman  of  that  town. 
In  1811,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  Nagle  was  attached 
104 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

to  the  1st  Portuguese  Regiment,  and  saw  consider- 
able service  in  the  Peninsular  War.  During  the 
progress  of  the  conflict  he  joined  the  53rd  Regiment, 
and  was  wounded  on  more  than  one  occasion.  In 
1815,  in  company  with  his  wife,  he  proceeded  to 
St.  Helena  with  his  regiment,  and  they  soon  became 
on  friendly  terms  with  the  inhabitants  of  Longwood, 
especially  Gourgaud.  They  were  also  noticed  by 
Napoleon.  On  June  10th,  1816,  Mrs  Nagle  won  an 
action  at  law  against  Mrs  Younghusband  (the  wife 
of  Captain  Younghusband),  who  had  aspersed  her 
character,  and  was  awarded  £250  damages. 

The  Nagles  left  the  Island  on  October  19th,  1816, 
having  received  £270  as  compensation  for  the  house 
they  had  built,  and  before  they  left  Piontkowski 
attempted,  without  success,  to  prevail  upon  Nagle 
to  carry  to  England  some  clandestine  correspondence. 

On  the  reduction  of  the  2nd  Battalion  of  the  53rd, 
Nagle  went  on  half-pay ;  but  on  November  4th, 
1827,  he  was  appointed  Quartermaster  to  the  47th 
Foot,  and  occupied  that  position  until  he  died  in 
Malta  in  1841. 

Napoleon.      Born  at   Ajaccio,   August   15th,    1769. 
Died  at  Longwood,  St.  Helena,  May  5th,  1821, 

AT    5.49     P.M.,   AGED    FIFTY-ONE.        ARRIVED    AT    St. 

Helena  on  October  15th,  1815,  and  landed 
on  the  evening  of  october  17th.  slept  the 

FIRST  NIGHT  AT  THE  HOUSE  OF  Mr  PoRTEOUS,  THEN 
STAYED  AT  "  THE  BRIARS  "  UNTIL  DECEMBER  10TH, 
1815,  WHEN  HE  REMOVED  TO  LONGWOOD. 

Nicholls,   Captain   George   (1776-1857).     Of  the   66th 
Regiment,  and  Orderly  Officer  at  Longwood. 

105 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Nicholls  joined  the  66th  Foot  in  1791,  and  his 
further  promotions  were : — Lieutenant  in  1803, 
Captain  in  1809,  Major  in  1821,  Lt.-Colonel  in  1837, 
Colonel  in  1851,  and  Major-General  in  1855.  He 
served  in  the  Peninsular  War,  and  was  wounded  in  the 
leg  at  Vittoria.  He  came  to  St.  Helena  in  1818,  and 
on  September  5th  was  appointed  Orderly  Officer  at 
Longwood.  He  resigned  this  position  on  February 
9th,  1820,  having  been  in  residence  seventeen  months. 
While  at  Longwood,  Nicholls  compiled  a  journal,  a 
copy  of  which  is  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,210. 
This  journal,  which  describes  the  difficulties  en- 
countered by  Nicholls  in  obtaining  ocular  evidence 
of  the  presence  of  Napoleon,  exhibits  much  unin- 
tentional humour.  A  strong  point  has  always  been 
made  of  the  methods  of  strict  seclusion  adopted  by 
Napoleon  to  defeat  the  regulations  of  Lowe.  On 
investigation,  however,  it  is  found  that,  of  the  421 
days  that  Napoleon  was  said  to  be  in  seclusion, 
Captain  Nicholls  was  assured  of  his  presence  on  68 
per  cent,  of  those  days,  and  the  longest  period  of 
seclusion  was  11  days.  Nicholls  died  at  18  Rodney 
Terrace,  Cheltenham,  in  1857. 

Nicol,  Colonel  Charles,  c.b.     In  command  of  the  66th 
Regiment  in  St.  Helena. 

Nicol  arrived  in  St.  Helena  with  his  battalion  in 
1817,  and  remained  until  the  early  part  of  1818, 
when  he  left  for  England.  He  returned,  however, 
in  1820. 

Nicol  entered  the  Army  in  1795  as  Ensign,  and 
during  the  same  year  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
Captain.     He    attained   his   majority   in   1806,   and 

106 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

became  Lt.-Colonel  in  1811.  He  commanded  his 
regiment  in  the  Peninsula  and  was  present  at  the 
battles  of  Vittoria,  Pyrenees,  Niville,  and  Nive.  He 
also  commanded  a  division  in  the  Nepaulese  War. 
In  1837  he  became  Major-General,  and  in  1846 
Lt.-General.  He  was  then  appointed  Colonel- 
Commandant  of  the  68th  Regiment,  and  died  at 
Clifton  on  January  6th,  1850.  He  supported  Lowe 
in  an  affidavit  in  the  case  of  Lowe  v.  O'Meara. 

Noverraz,  Jean  Abram  (1790-1849).  The  third  valet  at 
Longwood.  He  was  a  Swiss,  and  married  in  July, 
1819,  Josephine  Broule,  the  femme  de  chambre  of 
the  Countess  de  Montholon.  Was  at  Longwood 
throughout  the  captivity,  and  returned  for  the 
exhumation. 

Nudd,  John.  A  carpenter  in  St.  Helena  between  1816 
and  1821.  He  was  responsible  for  the  woodwork 
at  Longwood  and  the  New  House.  He  retired  to 
Blackheath,  and  made  an  affidavit  in  favour  of 
Lowe,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the  exact 
height  of  the  railings  around  the  New  House,  to 
which  Napoleon  objected  so  much. 

O 

Oakes,  Captain  Orbell,  r.n.  Lieutenant  on  board  the 
Conqueror  and  the  Rosario,  from  1817  to  1820. 

Oakes  belonged  to  an  old  Suffolk  family,  and  was 
nephew  of  Admiral  Plampin.  For  the  greater  part 
of  his  career  afloat  he  served  in  the  various  ships 
commanded  by  his  uncle,  and  on  his  return  home 
from  St.  Helena  he  acted  as  his  Flag-Lieutenant  on 

107 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

the  Irish  Station.     After  this,  Oakes  quitted  the  sea, 
and  was  employed  in  the  coast-guard. 
Obins,  Major  Hamlet  (1775-1848). 

Obins  came  to  St.  Helena  with  the  20th  Foot, 
which  regiment  he  joined  in  1811,  after  having 
served  in  the  27th,  57th,  68th,  70th,  and  the  Cape 
Corps.  It  was  Obins'  house  in  which  Vignali 
masqueraded  as  Napoleon  in  1820.  Obins  joined 
the  53rd  Foot  in  1821,  became  Colonel  in  1830,  and 
died  at  Tenby  on  August  6th,  1848.  (See  W.O.  42, 
O.  7.) 

O'Meara,  Barry  Edward  (1782-1836).  Medical  Attendant 
to  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena,  until  July  25th,  1818. 
O'Meara  was  a  native  of  Co.  Cork,  and  began  his 
medical  career  as  Assistant  Surgeon  to  the  62nd 
Regiment.  But  this  position  he  was  compelled  to 
resign,  because  he  had  contravened  the  regulations 
in  force  by  acting  as  second  in  a  duel.  He  then 
joined  the  Navy  and  became  Surgeon  to  the  Goliath 
and  the  Bellerophon.  He  was  in  this  latter  ship 
when  Napoleon  came  on  board,  and  after  Maingaud 
had  refused  to  accompany  the  Emperor  to  St.  Helena, 
O'Meara  was  offered  the  post.  He  accepted,  and 
remained  in  attendance  until  July  25th,  1818,  when 
Lowe  caused  him  to  be  removed  from  Longwood. 
He  left  St.  Helena  on  August  2nd,  1818,  and  soon 
after  his  arrival  in  England  was  dismissed  the 
service.  O'Meara  published  his  Exposition  in  1819, 
in  reply  to  Theodore  Hook's  Facts  Illustrative,  and 
in  1822  the  famous  Voice  appeared.  Besides  these, 
O'Meara  was  the  author  of  a  series  of  letters  to 
John  Finlaison,  the  Keeper  of  the  Records  at  the 

108 


COLONEL  C.  R.  G.  HUDSON 


See  page  S4. 


THE   ST.   HELENA    WHO'S   WHO 

Admiralty,  and  these  can  be  found  in  the  "Lowe 
Papers."  He  wrote  to  Lord  Bathurst  in  1821, 
offering  to  return  to  Longwood  and  render  what 
service  he  could  to  Napoleon,  but  the  offer  was  not 
accepted. 

O'Meara  qualified  as  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  1825,  and  lived  at  16 
Cambridge  Terrace,  where  he  died  on  June  10th, 
1836.  In  his  will,  which  is  at  Somerset  House,  he 
directs  that  the  following  sentences  shall  be  placed 
on  his  tomb :  "  I  take  this  opportunity  of  declaring 
that  with  the  exception  of  some  unintentional  and 
trifling  errors  in  the  Voice  from  St.  Helena,  the  book 
is  a  faithful  narrative  of  the  treatment  inflicted  upon 
that  great  man  Napoleon  by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  and 
his  subordinates,  and  that  I  have  even  suppressed 
some  facts  which  although  true  might  have  been 
considered  to  be  exaggerated  and  not  credited." 

Three  days  after  the  death  of  O'Meara  the 
following  "  Leader "  appeared  in  The  Courier,  June 
13th,  1836  :— 

"  The  Island  of  St.  Helena  has  given  to  Mr  O'Meara 
a  place  in  history,  and  when  time  shall  have  permitted 
all  personal  feeling  to  subside,  history  will  do  him 
justice.  She  will  record  him  as  a  man  of  the  most 
rigid  integrity,  capable  of  any  sacrifice  in  the  support 
of  principle,  and  with  a  practical  chivalry  defying 
power,  and  welcoming  privation  in  the  maintenance 
of  his  proud  consistency.  His  was  not  the  mere 
theory  of  patriotism,  what  he  avowed  he  felt,  and 
proved  his  sincerity  by  suffering  in  its  defence. 
Power  might  have  elevated,  and  wealth  might  have 
enriched   him,  could  he   have  stooped  to   maintain 

109 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

a  dishonourable  silence  where  he  thought  the 
character  was  involved.  But  he  disdained  the 
compromise,  and  the  gloomy  rock  of  Napoleon's  im- 
prisonment has  borrowed  one  gleam  from  the  virtue 
of  its  historian.  To  those  who  could  not  be  misled 
by  the  partisanship  of  politics,  it  may  be  satisfactory 
to  hear  that  with  his  dying  breath  he  authenticated 
the  details  communicated  in  his  work,  and  has  left 
in  his  will  an  inscription  to  that  effect  to  be  recorded 
on  his  tomb.  Thus  the  Voice  from  St.  Helena  will 
be  henceforth  a  voice  speaking  from  the  grave.  A 
warmer-hearted  or  a  more  sincere  friend  than 
O'Meara   never  lived." 

The  reader  can  judge  for  himself  whether  history 
has  fulfilled  the  prophecy  here  given  regarding  the 
character  of  O'Meara. 

His  grave  has  been  re-discovered  recently  by  Mrs 
Chaplin,  under  the  floor  of  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Paddington  Green.  Here  he  was  laid  to  rest  on 
June  18th,  the  anniversary  of  "Waterloo,"  and  his 
burial  certificate  reads  as  follows : — 
Page  227.  Burials  in  the  Parish  Church  of  Paddington 
in  the  year  1836. 

Name.  Abode.  buried.       Age*    By  whom. 

Barry  Edward  O'Meara      1 6  Cambridge    June  18th.     54.    J.  G.  Giffard, 
(Surgeon  for  Napoleon).  Terrace.  Curate. 

Owen,  Mrs.     The  last  survivor  of  those  who  attended 
the  funeral  of  Napoleon  on  May  9th,  1821. 

This  lady,  who  died  in  1916,  in  her  ninety-fifth 
year,  was  born  in  St.  Helena  on  January  26th,  1821. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Captain  James  Bennett  of  the 
St.  Helena  Foot  Regiment,  who  lived  at  "Chubbs 

110 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Springs,"  not  far  from  "The  Briars."  Although 
only  three  and  a  half  months  old  at  the  time  of 
Napoleon's  death,  her  father  was  anxious  that  all  his 
children  should  be  able  to  say  that  they  had  attended 
Napoleon's  funeral,  and  accordingly  Mrs  Owen,  as 
an  infant,  was  taken  to  the  ceremony.  Naturally 
she  remembered  nothing  of  the  event,  but  it  is 
surprising  that  anyone  should  survive  now  who  was 
present  at  the  funeral  in  1821.  In  addition  to  this, 
Mrs  Owen  was  also  present  at  the  exhumation  in 
1840,  and  she  was  one  of  the  ladies  who  worked  the 
tri-colour  flag  of  Chinese  silk  which  was  unfurled  when 
the  remains  of  the  great  Emperor  left  the  Island  of 
St.  Helena.  The  other  ladies  who  undertook  this 
duty  were  Miss  Mary  Gideon,  the  Misses  Pritchard, 
and  the  Misses  Hammond. 


Paine,  John.  The  painter  and  paper-hanger  who  was 
in  the  employ  of  Mr  George  Bullock  the 
Upholsterer  of  4  Tenterden  Street.  Paine  was  sent 
out  with  Andrew  Darling  to  St.  Helena  charged  with 
the  duties  of  repairing  and  renovating  the  furniture, 
and  painting  at  Longwood.  In  this  capacity  Paine 
was  often  in  Napoleon's  presence. 

Paine,  Mrs  Ursula.     The  wife  of  the  above. 

Amusing  correspondence  between  Lord  Bathurst 
and  Mrs  Paine  exists  in  vol.  vii.,  CO.  247,  in  the 
Record  Office.  For  some  time  she  appealed  in  vain 
to  be  allowed  to  join  her  husband  in  St.  Helena,  but 
at  length,  thinking  that  Lord  Bathurst  might  have 
doubts  concerning  her  bona  fides,  she  conceived  the 

111 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

happy  thought  of  backing  up  her  application  with 
a  copy  of  her  marriage  lines.  This  had  immediate 
effect,  for  Lord  Bathurst  at  once  endorsed  the  letter: 
"  Give  her  a  passage  by  the  next  ship." 

Pierron.  The  butler  at  Longwood.  He  arrived  with 
Napoleon,  and  remained  the  whole  time.  In  1840 
he  returned  to  St.  Helena  for  the  exhumation. 

Pine-Coffin,  Brigadier-General  John  (1778-1830).  In 
command  of  the  troops  in  St.  Helena,  from  August 
23rd,  1820,  to  the  end. 

Pine-Coffin  belonged  to  the  Royal  Staff  Corps,  of 
which  he  was  a  Colonel,  but  when  he  came  to  St. 
Helena  he  was  granted  the  local  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General.  For  the  burlesque  character  of  Pine-Coffin, 
see  Events  of  a  Military  Life,  by  Henry.  Pine- 
Coffin  died  on  February  10th,  1830. 

Piontkowski,  Captain  Charles  Frddenc  Jules  (1786- 
1849). 

Piontkowski  obtained  permission  to  join  Napoleon, 
and  left  England  on  October  8th,  1815,  in  the 
Cormorant,  arriving  at  St.  Helena  on  December  29th. 
After  staying  some  months  at  Longwood,  he  was 
sent  home  in  the  David  on  October  19th,  1816,  and 
arrived  in  England  on  board  the  Orontes  on  February 
15th,  1817.  For  a  complete  account  of  Piontkowski, 
see  Mr  Watson's  valuable  book,  A  Polish  Exile  with 
Napoleon. 

Plampin,  Rear -Admiral  Robert  (1762-1834).  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  St.  Helena  and  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  Naval  Stations  from  July,  1817,  to 
July,  1820. 

112 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Plampin,  who  was  born  at  Chadacre  Hall  in 
Suffolk,  entered  the  Navy  in  1775,  on  board  the 
Renown,  and  served  chiefly  in  North  America  until 
1776.  He  then  lived  for  thirteen  months  in  France, 
in  order  to  acquire  proficiency  in  the  language,  and 
several  months  in  Holland  for  the  same  purpose. 
In  1793  he  was  selected,  on  account  of  his  knowledge 
of  Dutch  and  his  familiarity  with  the  country,  to 
accompany  the  forces,  and  served  in  the  gunboats 
off  Wilhelmstad,  which  was  then  being  besieged  by 
Dumouriez. 

His  knowledge  of  French  stood  him  in  good 
stead  for,  in  September,  1793,  he  was  appointed 
Aide-de-Camp  to  Admiral  Goodall,  the  Governor 
of  Toulon,  and  afterwards  filled  the  same  post  under 
Lord  Hood,  until  the  end  of  the  siege  of  that  town. 

Plampin  was  appointed  Commander  of  the  Albion, 
sloop,  in  1794,  and  attained  post  rank  in  the  following 
year.  In  1801,  while  in  command  of  the  Lowestoft, 
he  was  cast  away  on  the  Great  Heneaga,  while 
attempting  the  windward  passage.  He  next  assisted 
in  the  attack  on  Boulogne,  and  helped  Fulton  to 
prepare  his  "  locks "  designed  to  explode  under  the 
water.  In  1805  he  assumed  the  commands  of  the 
Antelope,  50  guns,  and  the  Powerful,  74  guns,  but 
was  disappointed  in  arriving  in  the  latter  ship  at 
Trafalgar  just  too  late  for  the  battle.  After  this 
Plampin  sailed  to  the  East,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself  by  the  capture  of  the  Henriette  and  the 
famous  fast  sailing-ship,  La  Bellone,  off  the  coast 
of  India.  After  this  cruise  he  arrived  in  England 
in  1808,  in  a  serious  condition  of  ill  health  owing 
to  scurvy.  At  Walcheren  he  commanded  the 
h  113 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

Courageucc,  74  guns,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
to  the  Gibraltar  and  the  Ocean.  For  the  remainder 
of  the  war  he  cruised  off  Toulon,  and  in  1817 
hoisted  his  flag  on  the  Conqueror  as  Commander 
of  the  St,  Helena  Station.  After  returning  from  this 
station,  Plampin  was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Irish  Station.  He  became  Rear- Admiral  in 
1814,  and  Vice- Admiral  in  1825. 

While  in   command  of  the  St.    Helena   Station, 
Plampin  played  a  noteworthy  part  in  the  arrange- 
ments made  for  the  safe  custody  of  Napoleon,  and 
throughout  he  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  policy 
of  Sir  Hudson   Lowe.     He  lived  at  "The  Briars," 
and   was   especially  singled   out  as  the   subject  of 
the  Rev.  Mr  Boys'  strictures  from  the  pulpit.     The 
reason  for  this  attitude  on  the  part  of  Mr  Boys  will 
be   evident    from   the    following   extract    from   the 
autobiographical    manuscript    of    Dr    Stokoe,    the 
Surgeon  of  the  Conqueror ■,  kindly  communicated  to  me 
by  Miss  Stokoe.     He  says :  "  On  the  Admiral's  first 
visit  to  Plantation  House  he  was  not  accompanied 
by  his  Lady.     This  excited  the  surprise  of  Lady 
Lowe,   and  inquiry   was    immediately   set   on    foot 
amongst  the  officers  of  the  Flag-ship  to  ascertain  if 
the  Admiral  was  a  married  man.     No  satisfactory 
information   being    obtained    on   that  head,  it  was 
reported  that  the  Admiral  would  soon  be  recalled 
and  his  Lady  immediately  sent  off  the  Island.     He 
was  even  preached  at  from  the  pulpit.     However, 
he  soon  found  means  to  make  his  peace  with  the 
Governor,  and  the  preaching  was  discontinued  'by 
order.' "     He  showed  no  sympathy  with  the  lot  of 
Bonaparte,  and  always  spoke  of  him  in  the  most 

114 


THE   ST.   HELENA    WHO'S   WHO 

disparaging  terms.  His  attitude  towards  Mr  Stokoe, 
the  Surgeon  of  the  Conqueror,  who  attended  Napoleon 
for  three  days  in  1819,  was  unduly  harsh,  and  it 
was  largely  owing  to  the  Admiral's  attitude  at  the 
court  martial  that  Stokoe  was  dismissed  the  Navy. 
Plampin  had  two  interviews  with  the  Emperor,  on 
July  3rd  and  September  5th,  1817.  The  conversation 
turned  upon  the  amount  of  water  carried  on  board 
ship,  and  the  experiences  of  the  Admiral  when 
cruising  off  Toulon.  The  opinion  of  Napoleon  con- 
cerning Plampin  was  no  more  favourable  than  the 
Admiral's  concerning  him. 

Poppleton,  Captain  Thomas  William  (1775-1827),  of  the 
53rd  Regiment,  and  Orderly  Officer  at  Longwood 
from  December  10th,  1815,  to  July  24th,  1817. 

Poppleton,  the  first  Orderly  Officer,  appears  to 
have  been  respected  and  appreciated  by  the  residents 
at  Longwood.  He  also  retained  Lowe's  good-will 
until  it  was  found  that  he  had  received  a  snuff-box 
from  Napoleon  in  a  manner  contrary  to  the  regula- 
tions. Unlike  the  other  Orderly  Officers,  Poppleton 
did  not  dislike  his  work  at  Longwood,  for  when  his 
regiment  was  ordered  home  he  applied  for  permission 
to  remain,  but  this  was  not  allowed.  H  e  was  promoted 
Major  in  December,  1817,  and  was  placed  on  half- 
pay  for  a  short  time,  but  he  soon  joined  the  12th 
Foot,  and  there  remained  until  1825,  when  he  retired 
from  the  Army.  Poppleton  was  the  only  Orderly 
Officer  who  had  the  honour  of  dining  with  Napoleon. 

Poppleton  died  in  1827,  aged  fifty-two,  and  was 
buried  in  the  vault  belonging  to  his  wife's  family  at 
Killanin,  near  Ross,  Co.  Galway.     The   inscription 

115 


A   ST.  HELENA   WHO'S  WHO 

on  the  tombstone  mentions  that  he  was  "  honoured 
by  the  esteem  of  Napoleon,  who  was  under  his 
personal  charge  for  two  years  in  St.  Helena." 

Porteous,  Henry.  Superintendent  of  the  H.E.l.C.'s 
gardens.  He  also  kept  a  boarding-house  in  James- 
town, and  there  Napoleon  spent  his  first  night  on 
arrival.  The  Marquis  de  Montchenu  also  lodged 
there. 

Power,  Major  James  (1778-1851).  In  command  of  the 
Royal  Artillery  Corps  in  St.  Helena  during  nearly 
the  whole  period  of  the  captivity. 

Power  entered  the  Army  as  Second  Lieutenant 
in  1794,  and  was  successively  promoted — Second 
Captain  in  1799,  Captain  in  1804,  Major  in  1823, 
Lt.-Colonel  in  1824,  Colonel  in  1835,  Major-General 
in  1841,  and  Colonel  -  Commandant  in  1846.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  War,  and 
also  at  Waterloo. 

Beyond  the  performance  of  his  duties  in  St.  Helena 
as  Commandant  of  the  Artillery,  Power  does  not 
appear  to  have  played  an  important  part  in  the 
Island,  and,  except  in  connection  with  purely  official 
matters,  his  name  is  not  mentioned  in  the  "  Lowe 
Papers." 

R 

Raffles,  Sir  Thomas  Stamford,  f.r.s.  (1781-1826). 

Was  Lt.- Governor  of  Bencoolen,  founder  of 
Singapore,  and  one  of  the  original  promoters  of  the 
Zoological  Society.  He  called  at  St.  Helena  on  his 
way  to  England  in  the  Ganges,  and  on  May  19th, 
1816,   had   an   interview   with    Napoleon.     Captain 

116 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S  WHO 

Travers,  who  was  with  him,  has  left  an  account  of 
this  interview,  and  Sir  Stamford  also  gave  his  im- 
pressions in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  which  was  in  the 
possession  of  Mr  A.  M.  Broadley.  Part  of  this  letter 
has  been  published  in  TIw  Daily  Mail. 

Rainsford,  Thomas.  The  Inspector  of  Police.  He 
arrested  Las  Cases  and  was  presented  to  Napoleon 
on  June  24th,  1816.  He  left  London  with  his  family 
for  St.  Helena  early  in  1816,  and  died  in  1817. 

Reade,  Sir  Thomas,  Kt.  (1785-1849).  Deputy  Adjutant- 
General  in  St.  Helena.  Married  on  September  8th, 
1824,  at  the  Parish  Church,  Manchester,  Miss 
Agnes  Clogg,  of  Longsight,  Cheshire. 

Sir  Thomas  Reade  joined  the  27th  Foot  as  Ensign 
in  1799,  and  became  Lieutenant  in  1800.  In  1805 
he  was  promoted  Captain,  in  1811,  Major,  and  in 
1815,  Lt.-Colonel.  During  his  professional  career  he 
was  largely  occupied  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  was 
engaged  in  diplomatic  work  of  various  kinds.  For 
these  services  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 

In  1815  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  selected  him  to  occupy 
the  post  of  Deputy  Adjutant-General  on  the  staff 
he  was  then  forming  for  service  in  St.  Helena,  and 
Reade  sailed  with  him  in  the  Phaeton,  arriving  on 
April  14th,  1816.  Throughout  the  captivity  Sir 
Thomas  was  actively  engaged  with  the  official  matters 
connected  with  that  episode,  and  in  1819  was  ap- 
pointed Inspector  of  Police  at  a  salary  of  £625,  7s.  6d. 
He  was  a  whole-hearted  supporter  of  the  Government 
policy,  and  performed  his  duties  with  marked  zeal 
and  energy.  Indeed,  it  would  appear  that  he  was 
more  pronounced  than   Lowe   himself  in  the  inter- 

117 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

pretation  of  the  duties  concerning  the  safe  custody 
of  Napoleon,  for  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,207, 
a  large  number  of  Reade's  letters  can  be  found,  and 
from  the  attitude  exhibited  in  them,  it  is  reason- 
able to  infer  that  he  often  thought  Lowe  too  lenient 
in  his  administration.  From  Verling's  Journal  it 
would  appear  that  among  other  duties  it  fell  to  the 
lot  of  Sir  Thomas  Reade  to  peruse  letters  passing 
between  Dr  Livingstone  and  Dr  Verling  concerning 
medical  details  of  a  most  private  nature  respecting 
the  illness  of  Madame  Bertrand.  But  although  the 
British  officials  in  St.  Helena  rightly  blamed  O'Meara 
for  making  Madame  de  Montholon's  illness  the 
occasion  of  jokes  in  letters  to  Sir  Thomas  Reade, 
they  did  not,  apparently,  see  any  indelicacy  in  Sir 
Thomas  reading  and  commenting  on  gynaecological 
details  concerning  Madame  Bertrand's  illness. 

Reade  was  present  at  the  post-mortem  examina- 
tion, and  has  left  a  minute  and  valuable  account  of 
what  took  place  on  that  occasion  ("  Lowe  Papers," 
voL  20,133).  He  left  St.  Helena  on  July  12th,  1821, 
and  on  his  return  to  England  lived  for  some  years 
on  his  estate  at  Congleton  in  Cheshire.  He  retained 
his  connection  with  the  Army,  and  exchanged  into 
the  24th  Foot  as  Captain,  in  1824  ;  but  on  May  10th, 
1836,  he  was  appointed  Consul-General  in  Tunis,  and 
there  he  remained  until  his  death  in  1849.  Reade 
saw  Napoleon  on  three  occasions,  viz.  on  April  17th, 
May  27th,  and  October  4th,  1816. 

Reardon,  Rodolphus   Hobbs   (1790-1847).     Lieutenant 
in  the  66th  Regiment. 

Reardon  was  born  in  Tipperary  Town,  and  entered 

118 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

the  Army  in  the  3rd  West  India  Regiment,  but 
afterwards  became  a  Volunteer  with  the  71st 
Foot. 

On  August  3rd,  1808,  he  landed  in  Portugal,  and 
after  the  battle  of  Vimiera  was  promoted  Ensign  to 
the  82nd  Foot.  He  carried  the  colours  of  this  regi- 
ment at  Corunna,  and  on  account  of  his  conduct  was 
promoted  Lieutenant  in  the  66th  Foot  in  February, 
1810.  He  then  served  with  the  regiment  in  India, 
and  came  to  St.  Helena  in  July,  1817. 

In  St.  Helena  he  was  stationed  at  Mason's  Stock 
House,  one  of  the  guard-houses  surrounding  Long- 
wood.  He  was  on  friendly  terms  with  O'Meara  and 
this  brought  him  into  trouble  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 
Soon  after  O'Meara's  retirement,  Count  and  Countess 
Bertrand  rode  out  to  Mason's  Stock  House  (October 
13th,  1818),  and  held  a  conversation  with  Reardon, 
touching  the  conduct  of  O'Meara,  in  which  the 
action  of  the  Governor  came  in  for  severe  criticism. 
As  a  result  of  this,  Reardon  was  ordered  to  attend 
before  a  board  of  inquiry,  and  on  the  findings  of  the 
board  he  was  sent  home  on  October  29th,  1818,  in 
company  with  Lt. -Colonel  Lascelles,  who  was  also 
implicated. 

Reardon  made  repeated  attempts  to  get  back  to 
his  regiment,  but  without  success.  He  joined  the 
49th  Foot  in  1822,  and  the  22nd  Foot  in  1824.  In 
1830  he  sold  out  of  the  Army  with  the  rank  of 
Captain,  and  in  1841  he  was  appointed  Barrack 
Master  at  Drogheda,  which  post  he  held  until  his 
death.  He  was  referred  to  by  Napoleon  as  "  Mr 
Methodist."  (See  "  The  Case  of  Lieutenant  Rear- 
don.") 

119 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Retherwick,  or  Radovitch.  The  gunner  of  the  Baring 
who  brought  to  Napoleon  the  bust  of  his  son  on 
May  5th,  1817. 

Rich,  Captain  George  Frederick.  In  command  of  the 
Racoon  and  the  Falmouth  on  the  St.  Helena  Station. 
He  was  employed  at  Walcheren,  and  assisted  at  the 
bombardment  of  Dieppe.  He  had  an  interview  with 
Napoleon  on  July  11th,  1816.  Rich  died  in  1862, 
having  attained  to  the  rank  of  Admiral. 

Ricketts,  Charles  Milner.  A  kinsman  of  Lord  Liver- 
pool, and  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Council  at 
Calcutta. 

Ricketts  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service 
in  1791,  and  became  chief  secretary  to  the  Governor 
in  1815.  In  1817  he  obtained  a  seat  on  the  Supreme 
Council  and,  on  his  way  home,  on  leave  in  the  Astell, 
had  a  long  interview  with  Napoleon  on  April  2nd, 
1819.  At  this  interview  Napoleon  presented  him 
with  a  paper  containing  reasons  why  Lord  Liverpool 
should  permit  him  to  leave  St.  Helena.  Ricketts 
was  the  last  person  to  be  granted  an  interview  by 
Napoleon.    In  1820  he  became  M.P.  for  Dartmouth. 

Robinson,  Miss.  Known  to  Longwood  as  "  The  Nymph." 
She  was  the  daughter  of  a  small  farmer  who  lived  on 
the  farther  side  of  Prosperous  Valley,  at  a  farm  called 
"  The  Hutts,"  and  was  noticed  by  Napoleon  in  the 
course  of  his  rides.  She  came  to  Longwood  on  two 
or  three  occasions,  and  on  July  26th,  1817,  she 
brought  her  newly  married  husband  to  bid  adieu  to 
Napoleon.  The  husband's  name  was  Edwards,  and 
he  may  have  been  the  Captain  of  the  Dora,  the  ship 

120 


MRS.   HODSON 


See  page  85. 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

in  which  Mrs  Edwards  sailed  for  England  on  July 
29th. 

Robson,  Rev.  Thomas.  The  author  of  St.  Helena 
Memoirs,  1827,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the 
conversion  of  Robert  Grant.  Robson  spent  some 
time  in  St.  Helena  after  the  captivity. 

Ross,  Captain  Charles  Bayne  Hodgson,  c.b.  (1778-1849). 
In  command  of  the  Northumberland. 

Captain  Ross  was  the  son  of  Lieutenant  Ross,  r.n., 
and  joined  the  Navy  in  1788  as  "  captain's  servant " 
on  board  the  Echo.  He  became  a  Lieutenant  in 
1796,  and  Commander  in  1800,  being  appointed  to 
the  Diligence,  in  which  vessel  he  was  wrecked  on  the 
Honda  Bank  near  Cuba.  After  commanding  the 
Druid,  he  was  advanced  to  post  rank  in  1802,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  La  Desiree  and  the  Pique 
on  the  Jamaica  Station.  In  the  latter  vessel  Captain 
Ross  was  most  successful,  capturing  many  armed 
vessels  of  the  enemy,  in  all  140  guns  and  1500  men. 
During  the  American  War,  Ross  acted  as  Flag- 
Captain  to  Rear-Admiral  Sir  George  Cockburn  in 
the  Marlborough,  the  Sceptre,  and  the  Albion,  and 
took  part  in  all  the  principal  operations  in  that  war. 
His  next  appointment  was  Flag-Captain  to  the 
Northumberland,  where  he  was  brought  into  contact 
with  Napoleon,  and  during  the  voyage  to  St.  Helena 
he  appears  to  have  been  on  good  terms  with  the 
Emperor,  who  often  referred  to  him  as  "  uno  bravissimo 
uomo."  While  in  St.  Helena,  Ross  lived  at  a  cottage 
not  far  from  Longwood,  which,  to  this  day,  is  called 
"  Ross  Cottage."  After  his  return  in  1816,  he  filled 
the  post  of  Superintendent  of  the  Ordinary  at  Ply- 

121 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

mouth  in  1819,  and  afterwards  became  Commissioner 
to  the  Navy  at  Jamaica  and  Malta.  Captain  Ross 
obtained  flag  rank  in  1837,  and  from  that  year  to 
1841  he  was  in  command  of  the  Pacific  Station.  In 
1847  he  was  promoted  to  Vice- Admiral.  Ross  was 
twice  married,  first  in  1803  to  Miss  Cockburn,  the 
sister-in-law  of  the  Admiral,  and  one  son,  who  pre- 
deceased him,  resulted  from  this  union.  He  married 
again,  and  had  one  daughter,  who  married  Mr  Scobell, 
of  Meavy. 

Captain  Ross  does  not  appear  to  have  left  any 
papers  concerning  his  association  with  Napoleon ; 
but  Brenton,  in  his  Naval  History,  when  describing 
the  voyage  of  the  Northumberland,  states  that  he 
quotes  from  the  diary  of  Captain  Ross,  which  had 
been  lent  to  him  for  the  purpose.  Mr  Shorter  also, 
in  his  Napoleon  and  his  Fellow  Travellers,  has  pub- 
lished an  interesting  letter  from  Captain  Ross  to  a 
friend,  but  there  is  no  trace  of  any  other  documents. 
For  fuller  particulars  of  the  career  of  Captain  Ross, 
reference  may  be  made  to  O'Byrne's  Naval  Bio- 
graphies, Marshall's  Royal  Naval  Biography,  vol.  iii., 
pt.  2,  p.  735,  and  The  United  Service  Magazine,  1849. 

Rous,  Captain  the  Hon.  Henry  John  (1795-1877). 

Rous  came  out  to  St.  Helena  in  the  Conqueror, 
and  served  in  that  ship  until  August,  1817,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Podargus.  He  retained  this 
command  until  January,  1818,  but  was  then  trans- 
ferred to  the  Mosquito,  and  in  July,  1819,  he  left 
St.  Helena.  Rous,  who  in  after-life  became  such  a 
power  on  the  Turf,  had  much  to  do  with  the  institu- 
tion of  the  Races  at  Deadwood,  and  the  part  he 

,  122 


THE   ST.   HELENA    WHO'S   WHO 

played  is  described  in  Basil  Jackson's  Reminiscences 
of  a  Staff  Officer. 
Rousseau,  Theodore.  The  Lampiste,  and  worker  at  odd 
jobs  at  Longwood.  He  was  deported  on  October 
19th,  1816,  and  arrived  at  Spithead  on  February 
15th,  1817.  After  this  he  retired  to  the  United 
States,  and  took  service  with  Joseph  Bonaparte. 

Rubidge,   Joseph   William   (1802-1827).      Portrait   and 
Miniature  Painter. 

Rubidge  left  England  for  St.  Helena  in  1820,  and 
remained  there  until  the  middle  of  1821.  He  painted 
a  portrait  of  Napoleon  when  dead,  on  May  7th,  1821, 
while  he  lay  on  his  bed  dressed  in  uniform,  and  this 
had  a  very  good  sale  in  England.  The  original  of 
this  was  presented  to  Napoleon  III.  by  Lt.  George 
Horsley  Wood.  In  addition,  Rubidge  painted  a 
view  of  the  Tomb  of  Napoleon,  and  is  the  author  of 
the  plaster  cast  of  Napoleon's  face,  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Dr  Sankey.  For  a  full  account  of  Rubidge, 
see  The  History  of  the  Death  Mask  of  Napoleon,  by 
G.  L.  de  St.  M.  Watson. 

Russell,  Sir  Charles,  3rd  Baronet  (1786-1856). 

He  visited  St.  Helena  in  1817,  and  his  impressions 
are  published  in  Swalloxvfield  and  its  Owners,  by 
Lady  Russell. 

Russell,   Sir  Henry,  2nd  Baronet  (1783-1852).     Elder 
brother  of  the  above. 

Sir  Henry  married  first,  Miss  Casamajor,  the 
sister  of  Mrs  Skelton,  and  secondly,  Mademoiselle  de 
Fontaine,  an  acquaintance  of  the  Countess  Bertrand. 
In  1820  he  visited  St.  Helena,  and  has  left  a  most 

123 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

graphic  account  of  his  impressions  of  the  Island, 
of  Sir  Hudson  and  Lady  Lowe,  Antommarchi  and 
others.  This  is  published  in  Swallowfield  and  its 
Owners,  by  Lady  Russell. 

Sir  Henry  Russell's  opinion  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe 
was  as  follows : — "  I  dined  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe 
the  day  after  our  arrival ;  he  is  a  small  man,  appar- 
ently fifty,  of  a  fair  complexion,  with  a  hanging  brow, 
and  a  reserved,  thoughtful  countenance.  In  his  ad- 
dress towards  a  stranger  he  is  silent  and  awkward, 
evidently  not  from  pride,  but  embarrassment,  which 
is  remarkable,  as  he  has  mixed  much  in  polished 
society,  and  is  both  a  sensible  and  an  accomplished 
man.  I  soon  found  that  we  should  not  talk  at  all 
unless  I  took  the  lead." 

Rutledge,  George  Henry,  m.r.c.s.  (1789-1833).     Assis- 
tant Surgeon  to  the  20th  Foot  Regiment. 

Rutledge  entered  the  Army  in  1809  as  Hospital 
Mate,  and  in  1815  was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon 
to  the  20th  Foot.  He  came  to  St.  Helena  in  1819, 
and  was  present  at  the  autopsy  of  Napoleon.  He 
was  appointed  by  Sir  Thomas  Reade  to  watch  over 
the  body  until  it  had  been  securely  closed  up  in  the 
coffin,  and  has  left  a  memorandum  of  the  way  in 
which  he  performed  his  task.  (See  Forsyth,  vol. 
iii.,  p.  291.)  In  addition,  Rutledge  has  also  left  a 
criticism  of  Les  Derniers  Momens  de  Napoleon,  by 
Antommarchi,  and  this  is  a  most  valuable  document, 
for  it  is  the  only  medical  criticism  of  Antommarchi 
coming  from  one  who  was  actually  present  at  the 
post-mortem  examination.  This  criticism  will  be 
found  in  full  in   Thomas  Shortt,  Chaplin,  1914.     In 

124 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

1826  Rutledge  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  55th 
Foot,  and  while  serving  in  this  capacity  he  died  of 
cholera  at  Tripasore,  near  Bellary,  on  July  18th, 
1833.  Rutledge  married  on  April  10th,  1810,  at 
Dublin,  Maria  Tyrrill,  but  left  no  children,  and  no 
papers  relating  to  his  connection  with  St.  Helena 
have  been  discovered. 


Santini,  Jean  Giovan-Natale  (1790-1862).     An  Usher  at 
Longwood. 

Santini,  who  was  a  Corsican,  had  been  in  the 
service  of  Napoleon  at  Elba.  He  was  deported  from 
St.  Helena  on  October  19th,  1816,  and  arrived  at 
Spithead  on  February  15th,  1817.  After  this  he 
was  imprisoned  at  Mantua  and  Vienna,  and  was  kept 
under  police  supervision  until  the  death  of  Napoleon. 
For  a  time  he  was  the  reputed  author  of  An  Appeal 
to  the  British  Nation,  until  Colonel  Maceroni  avowed 
it.  He  was  also  credited  with  the  desire  to  shoot 
Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  Eventually  Santini  became  the 
guardian  of  the  Emperor's  tomb  at  Les  Invalides. 
For  a  full  account  of  Santini,  see  Apres  la  Mort  de 
TEmpereur,  by  Cahuet,  1913. 

Scott,  James.  The  mulatto  servant  of  Las  Cases.  On 
November  24th,  1816,  it  was  discovered  that  Scott 
had  letters  from  Las  Cases  to  Lucien  and  Lady 
Clavering,  sewn  in  the  lining  of  his  waistcoat.  The 
letters  were  written  on  taffeta  silk,  and  were  to  be 
sent  to  Europe  in  this  manner.  This  discovery  was 
the  cause  of  the  arrest  of  Las  Cases. 

125 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

Seale,  Major  R.  F.  Assistant  Storekeeper  in  St.  Helena. 
Seale  published,  in  1834,  The  Geognosy  of  St. 
Helena,  and  also  made  a  model  of  the  Island,  which 
was  accepted  by  Addiscombe  College,  and  there 
exhibited.  It  is  said  that  Seale  received  £1000  for 
this  work. 

Shortt,  Thomas,  m.d.  (1788-1843).  Principal  Medical 
Officer  in  St.  Helena. 

Shortt  joined  the  Army  in  1806  as  Assistant 
Surgeon  to  the  10th  Foot,  and  in  1813  became 
Surgeon  to  the  20th  Light  Dragoons.  In  1814  he 
was  Acting  Staff  Surgeon,  and  in  1819  he  received 
the  appointment  of  Physician  Extraordinary  to  the 
King  in  Scotland.  He  served  most  of  his  time  in 
the  Army  in  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Egypt.  He  arrived 
in  St.  Helena  in  December,  1820,  and  assumed  chief 
medical  control  of  the  Island.  Shortt  did  not  see 
Napoleon  professionally,  but  was  consulted  con- 
cerning his  illness.  He  attended  the  post-mortem 
examination,  and  drew  up  the  official  report,  the 
original  draft  of  which  is  in  the  possession  of  the 
Rev.  E.  Brook-Jackson.  Shortt  left  St.  Helena  on 
September  29th,  1821.  (See  Thomas  Shortt,  Chaplin, 
1914.) 

Skelton,  John  (1763-1841).  Lt.-Colonel  in  the  Indian 
Army,  and  Lt.-Governor  of  St.  Helena  from  1813 
to  1816. 

Skelton  joined  the  8th  Native  Infantry  Regiment 
in  the  Bombay  Presidency  in  1780,  and  became 
Lt.-Colonel  in  1807.  In  1813  he  was  appointed 
Lt.-Governor  of  St.  Helena,  and  came  to  the  Island 
with  Wilks  in  the  same  year.     He  lived  at  Long- 

126 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

wood  until  the  arrival  of  Napoleon,  and  when  the 
Emperor  was  installed  there  Skelton  and  his  wife 
were  frequent  visitors.  The  Skeltons  were  much 
liked  by  Napoleon,  and  were  on  terms  of  friendship 
with  him  until  they  left  the  Island  on  May  14th, 
1816;  but  Lowe  suspected  them  of  having  assisted 
the  people  at  Longwood  in  the  transmission  of 
clandestine  correspondence. 

In  1817  Skelton  became  a  Colonel,  in  1821  a 
Major-General,  and  in  1837  a  Lt.-General. 

Skelton,    Mrs    Mary    Moore    Casamajor    (1775-1866). 
Wife  of  the  above. 

With  the  exception  of  Lady  Malcolm  and  Mrs 
Balcombe,  Mrs  Skelton  probably  saw  more  of 
Napoleon  in  St.  Helena  than  any  other  British  lady. 
She  spoke  admirable  French,  and  until  she  left  in 
May,  1816,  Napoleon  was  always  glad  to  receive  her. 
In  company  with  her  husband,  she  entertained 
Napoleon  at  lunch  at  Longwood  on  October  18th, 
1815,  and  dined  with  the  Emperor  on  December 
31st,  1815,  and  on  April  11th,  1816.  On  March 
18th,  1816,  she  drove  with  Napoleon,  and  on  May 
11th,  just  before  leaving  the  Island,  at  her  last  inter- 
view, she  played  chess  with  him.  After  the  death  of 
her  husband  she  lived  at  8  Suffolk  Square,  Chelten- 
ham, and  died  there  on  March  5th,  1866,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  ninety-one. 

Solomon,  Saul  (1776-1852).     The  founder  of  the  business 
house  in  St.  Helena  of  that  name. 

Solomon,  with  his  two  brothers  Lewis  and  Joseph, 
was  engaged  in  business  at  Jamestown  as  a  store- 
keeper and  lodging-house  keeper.      His  house  was 

127 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

the  resort  of  many  who  came  to  the  Island,  and  in 
the  days  of  the  captivity  news  thus  received  from 
Europe  was  transmitted  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Island.  The  house  of  Solomon  was  also  frequently 
the  medium  through  which  clandestine  correspond- 
ence was  sent  from  Longwood  to  Europe.  The  firm 
of  Solomon  still  flourishes,  and  is  the  only  one  in 
St.  Helena  which  can  trace  an  unbroken  line  since 
the  days  of  Napoleon.  Saul  Solomon  died  on 
December  6th,  1852,  at  Eastwood,  Portishead,  near 
Bristol,  the  residence  of  his  son-in-law,  Captain 
Thomas  Montgomery  Hunter. 

Sowerby.  The  gardener  of  Longwood,  and  often  men- 
tioned in  Nicholls'  Journal  as  being  instrumental 
in  obtaining  a  view  of  Napoleon. 

Spencer,  Captain  the  Hon.  Robert  Cavendish  (1791- 
1831).  In  command  of  H.M.S.  Owen  Glendower. 
Spencer  touched  at  St.  Helena  on  October  25th, 
1820,  but  was  not  received  by  Napoleon.  He 
presented  the  Emperor,  however,  with  Coxe's  Life 
of  Marlborough,  and  this  Napoleon  gave  to  the 
20th  Regiment.  Lowe  objected  to  the  gift,  but 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  York  approved  of  it,  and  the 
books  now  belong  to  the  Lancashire  Fusiliers. 

Stanfell,  Captain  Francis,  r.n.  In  command  of  the 
Phaeton  and  the  Conqueror. 

Stanfell  was  appointed  Lieutenant  in  1795, 
Commander  in  1803,  and  Captain  in  1810.  He  saw 
much  service  in  the  West  Indies,  the  Channel,  and 
North  America,  and  while  thus  engaged,  captured 
La  Glaneuse  and  Le  Glaneur  in  the  Channel,  and 
rOreste  of  Guadaloupe. 

128 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Stanfell  brought  out  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  and  his 
staff  in  the  Phaeton,  and  after  the  retirement  of 
Captain  Davie  was  given  the  command  of  the 
Conqueror.  He  was  a  strong  supporter  of  the  policy 
of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and  was  very  popular  with 
his  men.  On  March  25th,  1817,  Stanfell  was  presented 
to  Napoleon.     He  died  in  1831. 

St.  Denis,  Louis  Etienne  (1788-1856).  The  second 
valet  at  Longwood,  and  "  Garde  des  Livres."  He 
married  Mary  Hall,  the  governess,  or  nursemaid, 
to  the  children  of  the  Countess  Bertrand,  and  was 
at  Longwood  throughout  the  captivity.  He  returned 
in  1840  for  the  exhumation. 

Stokoe,  John  (1775-1852).  Surgeon  to  the  Conqueror. 
Stokoe  was  summoned  to  attend  Napoleon  on 
January  17th,  1819,  and  between  that  date  and 
January  21st  he  paid  the  Emperor  five  visits.  But 
in  doing  so  he  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  Lowe, 
and  after  going  home  on  leave  he  was  ordered  to 
return  to  St.  Helena.  He  arrived  on  August  21st, 
and  on  the  30th  was  placed  on  his  trial  before  a 
court  martial,  which  sentenced  him  to  be  dismissed 
the  Navy.  It  is  difficult  to  understand  why  Stokoe 
was  treated  so  harshly,  unless  partisanship  on  the 
part  of  his  judges  is  admitted.  For  a  full  account 
of  Stokoe,  see  Napoleon  Prisonrder,  by  M.  Paul 
Fr^meaux. 

Sturmer,  Barthelemy,  Baron  de  (1787-1853).  The 
Austrian  Commissioner  in  St.  Helena. 

He  arrived  in  the   Orontes  on  June  18th,   1816, 
with  his  wife,  four  servants,  viz.  Matthew  Cassimar, 
i  129 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

Adele  Belleville,  Guillaume  Graaf,  Antoine  Steidl 
(Adele  Belleville  and  Guillaume  Graaf  became  after- 
wards man  and  wife),  and  the  Botanist,  Philippe 
Welle.  He  left,  or  was  removed,  on  July  11th,  1818, 
and  afterwards  held  appointments  in  Rio,  London, 
Lisbon,  and  Paris. 

T 

Taylor.  The  under-gardener  at  Longwood,  and  often 
instrumental  in  enabling  Captain  Nicholls  to  say 
that  Napoleon  had  been  seen. 

Torbett,  Richard.  A  merchant  and  shopkeeper  in 
St.  Helena  during  the  captivity. 

He  lived  very  close  to  Longwood,  on  a  property 
which  contained  Geranium  Valley,  and  it  was  in 
this  ground,  belonging  to  Torbett,  that  Napoleon 
was  buried.  The  Council  of  St.  Helena  granted 
him  an  indemnity  of  £650,  and  an  annual  subsidy 
of  £50,  so  long  as  the  body  of  the  Emperor  should 
remain  in  the  tomb.  Eventually  this  arrangement 
was  commuted  for  a  capital  sum  of  £1200. 

Torbett  was  dead  when  the  exhumation  took 
place  in  1840,  but  his  widow  derived  some  pecuniary 
advantage  from  visitors  to  the  tomb. 

U 

Urmston,  James  Brabazon  (1783-1850).  A  supercargo 
in  Macao  under  the  East  India  Company,  and 
eventually  President  of  the  Select  Committee  at 
Canton.  Urmston  came  to  St.  Helena  with  his  wife 
in  April,  1816,  on  board  the  Essex,  and  on  May  5th, 
1816,  in  company  with  Balcombe,  had  breakfast  with 

130 


THE   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

Napoleon.  Afterwards  he  corresponded  frequently 
with  Lowe,  and  gave  him  information  regarding 
opinion  in  the  East  as  to  the  possibility  of  Napoleon's 
escape.  Urmston  was  knighted  in  1824,  and  died  at 
St  Leonards-on-Sea  on  December  10th,  1850.  (See 
"  East  India  Register.") 

V 

Verling,  James  Roche,  m.d.  (1787-1858).     Surgeon  to 
the  Royal  Artillery  in  St.  Helena. 

James  Verling  was  born  at  Queenstown  in  Ireland 
on  February  27th,  1787,  and  studied  medicine  at 
Dublin  and  Edinburgh.  At  the  early  age  of  twenty- 
three  he  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
at  Edinburgh,  and  selected  "  De  Ictero  "  (Jaundice) 
as  the  subject  of  his  thesis.  He  entered  the  Ordnance 
Medical  Department  of  the  Army  in  1810,  and  soon 
after  was  ordered  to  join  the  forces  in  the  Peninsula. 
He  took  part  in  many  of  the  important  engagements 
of  the  war,  and  after  reaching  England  in  1814  was 
rewarded  for  his  services  with  promotion  in  rank, 
and  the  Peninsula  medal  with  five  clasps. 

In  1815  he  proceeded  to  St.  Helena  in  medical 
charge  of  the  artillery  detachment  destined  for  that 
island,  and  sailed  in  the  Northumberland  on  August 
8th  with  Napoleon  as  a  fellow-passenger. 

On  August  25th,  1818,  after  the  removal  of 
O'Meara,  Verling  was  appointed  to  reside  at  Long- 
wood,  to  be  in  readiness  to  afford  medical  assistance 
to  Napoleon  should  his  services  be  required.  But 
the  Emperor  refused  to  receive  any  doctor  appointed 
by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and  Verling  continued  to 
reside  at    Longwood   with    little    occupation   until 

131 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

September  20th,  1819,  when  he  was  relieved  by  the 
arrival  of  Antommarchi.  He  left  the  Island  on 
April  25th,  1820,  and  carried  with  him  the  regard 
of  both  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  and  the  French  followers 
of  Napoleon. 

Subsequently  Verling  rose  to  high  positions  in 
the  Army,  and  in  1850  was  appointed  Deputy 
Inspector-General  of  the  Ordnance  Medical  Depart- 
ment. He  retired  in  1854,  and  died  at  Queenstown 
in  1858,  in  his  seventy-first  year. 

While  at  Longwood,  Verling  compiled  a  most 
interesting  journal,  which  is  now  in  the  "  Archives 
Nationales  "  in  Paris. 

Vernon,  the  Reverend  Bowater  James.  Chaplain  in 
St.  Helena  during  the  whole  of  the  captivity. 

He  was  born  in  1789  in  Jamaica,  where  his  father, 
Captain  Bowater  Vernon,  was  A.D.C.  to  the  Governor. 
Mr  Vernon  officiated  at  the  church  in  Jamestown, 
and  was  able  to  keep  aloof  from  the  squabbles  in 
which  his  senior,  the  Rev.  Mr  Boys,  was  engaged. 
At  Napoleon's  funeral  he  attended  officially,  but 
Vignali  objected  to  his  walking  beside  him  in  the 
procession.  Mr  Vernon  published  a  little  book  of 
reminiscences,  in  which  he  deals  with  the  events 
in  St.  Helena,  and  gives  general  support  to  the 
policy  of  Lowe.  His  son  was  the  well  -  known 
ophthalmic  surgeon. 

Vesey,  Henrietta  or  Esther  (1800-1838).  The  mistress 
of  Marchand.  According  to  the  registers  of  St.  James 
Church,  Jamestown,  a  son,  James  Octave  (illegiti- 
mate) was  born  on  June  3rd,  1817,  to  Henrietta  Vesey, 
and  the  father  is  given  as  "  Louis  Marchand."     The 

132 


1  fi»                        1 

I 

i?i___ 

1 

. 

1 

I 

COLONEL  JOHN*  MANSBL,  C.B. 


See  page  ioo. 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

same  register  states  that  on  April  18th,  1821,  an 
illegitimate  son  was  born  to  Esther  Vesey,  but  the 
name  of  the  father  is  not  given.  Whether,  therefore, 
Marchand  had  another  son  by  Esther  Vesey  is  not 
certain.  Nicholls  mentions  in  his  journal  the  several 
occasions  on  which  Esther  Vesey  stayed  the  night  with 
Marchand  in  1819,  and  it  may  perhaps  be  presumed 
that  the  second  child  was  his  also. 

Vignali,  the  Abbd  Ange.  A  Corsican,  selected  by 
Cardinal  Fesch  to  administer  spiritual  consolation 
to  Napoleon-  He  was  low-born,  very  ignorant,  and, 
it  is  said,  quite  illiterate. 

He  arrived  in  St.  Helena  on  September  20th,  1819, 
conducted  the  funeral  ceremony,  and  left  on  May 
27th,  1821,  in  the  Camel.  Eventually  he  perished 
in  a  vendetta. 

W 

Wallis,  Captain  James.  In  command  of  the  Podargus 
and  Racoon. 

He  entered  the  Navy  as  captain's  servant,  and  in 
1797  was  nominated  Acting-Lieutenant.  He  was 
present  in  the  Victory  at  the  battle  of  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  and,  in  1804,  was  appointed  First  Lieutenant 
to  the  Vincejo,  under  the  command  of  Captain  John 
Wesley  Wright.  On  May  8th  of  that  year  this 
vessel  was  compelled  to  yield  to  superior  force  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Morbihan,  and  Wright  and  Wallis 
were  detained  in  captivity.  Wright  met  his  death 
under  unexplained  circumstances  in  the  Temple,  but, 
in  1813,  Wallis  made  his  escape  from  Verdun. 

In  August,  1814,  Wallis  was  appointed  Commander 
133 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

of  the  Podargus  on  the  St.  Helena  Station,  and 
in  1817  he  commanded  the  Racoon.  After  com- 
manding the  Conqueror  for  a  short  time  in  1818, 
he  returned  to  the  Racoon  and  paid  that  ship  off  in 
1818.  It  has  been  held  to  have  been  an  act  of  bad 
taste  on  the  part  of  the  British  Government  to  send 
Wallis  to  St.  Helena  during  Napoleon's  captivity, 
but  he  was  appointed  to  that  station  before  it  was 
decided  to  send  the  Emperor  there. 

On  September  14th,  1817,  O'Meara  gives  in  his 
diary  a  conversation  with  Napoleon  concerning  the 
death  of  Wright,  which  was  initiated  by  O'Meara 
mentioning  that  he  had  dined  with  Wallis  the  night 
before.  Wallis  died  at  Bridport,  September  21st, 
1849. 

Ward,  Ensign  John.     Of  the  66th  Regiment. 

Ensign  Ward  joined  his  regiment  in  St.  Helena 
towards  the  end  of  the  captivity.  He  made  a  sketch 
of  Napoleon  during  life,  and  one  after  death,  when 
dressed  in  uniform.  He  also  executed  a  medallion 
in  plaster  of  the  head  of  the  Emperor  on  his  death- 
bed, and  assisted  Burton  (so  it  was  said)  to  take  the 
death-mask. 

Ward  eventually  joined  the  91st  Regiment,  and 
was  present  at  the  exhumation  in  1840.  He  there- 
fore occupies,  with  Lieutenant  G.  H.  Wood,  the 
position  of  being  one  of  the  two  British  officers  who 
attended  the  funeral  in  1821  and  the  exhumation  in 
1840. 

Mrs  Ward  has  given  an  account  of  the  part  played 
by  her  husband  at  the  death  of  Napoleon,  in  a 
pamphlet,  now  in  the  possession  of  Alfred  Brewis, 

134 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Esq.       This   pamphlet   is   also    published   in   Lady 
Burton's  Life  of  her  husband.     Ward  died  in  1878. 

Warden,  William  (1777-1849).  Surgeon  on  board 
H.M.S.  Northumberland. 

While  on  the  passage  to  St.  Helena,  and  until  the 
departure  of  the  Northumberland  from  that  Island 
on  June  19th,  1816,  Warden  had  many  opportunities 
of  seeing  Napoleon,  and  in  St.  Helena  especially 
he  was  a  frequent  visitor  to  Longwood.  The  result 
of  these  visits  was  the  famous  Letters  published  in 
1816,  which  speedily  ran  through  many  editions.  A 
reply  to  these,  under  the  title  of  Letters  from  the 
Cape,  which  is  generally  attributed  to  Las  Cases, 
was  published  in  1817.  For  a  full  account  of 
Warden,  and  for  a  republication  of  his  Letters,  see 
the  interesting  book,  Napoleon  and  his  Fellow 
Travellers,  by  Mr  Shorter  (Cassell,  1908). 

Warren,  John.  Private  in  the  Engineer  Company  at 
St.  Helena.  In  company  with  Private  James 
Andrews  of  the  same  corps,  he  dug  the  grave  for 
the  vault  in  which  Napoleon  was  buried.  (See 
History  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  Connolly.) 

Welle,  Philippe.  A  botanist  who  came  out  to  St. 
Helena  with  the  Austrian  Commissioner,  Baron 
Sturmer,  in  the  Orontes.  He  arrived  on  June  18th, 
1816,  and  was  charged  by  Marchand's  mother,  who 
was  nurse  to  the  King  of  Rome,  with  a  letter  con- 
taining a  lock  of  the  King  of  Rome's  hair.  This 
he  delivered  to  Marchand,  who  transmitted  it 
to  Napoleon.  The  transaction  aroused  Lowe's  sus- 
picions,  and  Welle  left  the  Island  on  March   1st, 

1817. 

135 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Wilks,  Miss  Laura.     Daughter  of  Colonel  Wilks. 

In  company  with  her  father,  Miss  Wilks  was  re- 
ceived by  Napoleon  on  several  occasions,  and  was 
much  complimented  by  him  on  her  beauty  and 
personal  charm.  Gourgaud  also  frequently  referred 
to  her  beauty  in  his  journal.  Miss  Wilks  married 
Major-General  Sir  John  Buchan  of  Kelloe,  at  Bath, 
on  July  27th,  1817,  and  died  in  1888. 

Wilks,  Colonel  Mark,  f.r.s.  (1760-1831).  Governor  of 
St.  Helena  from  June,  1813,  to  April,  1816. 

Colonel  Wilks  was  a  highly  cultured  man,  of 
considerable  intellectual  attainments.  Being  in- 
tended for  the  ministry,  he  was  given  a  first-rate 
classical  education,  and  during  his  career  in  the 
Indian  Army  he  occupied  many  distinguished  posi- 
tions. He  contributed  much  to  the  history  of 
India  in  papers  to  the  Asiatic  Society,  of  which 
body  he  was  a  Vice-President ;  but  his  chief  work  is 
Historical  Sketches  of  South  India. 

Colonel  Wilks  sailed  from  St.  Helena  on  April 
23rd,  1816.  He  had  several  interviews  with 
Napoleon,  notably  on  December  12th,  1815,  and  on 
January  20th,  and  April  20th,  1816.  The  Emperor 
took  pleasure  in  his  society,  and  the  conversations 
they  held  have  been  published  in  The  Monthly 
Magazine,  1901,  under  the  title  of  "  Colonel  Wilks 
and  Napoleon." 

Wilks,  Mrs  Dorothy.  The  wife  of  Colonel  Wilks,  and 
stepmother  of  Miss  Laura  Wilks. 

Mrs  Wilks,  who  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Taubman,  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  was  much  beloved  by 
the  inhabitants  of  St.  Helena.     She  was  very  beauti- 

136 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

ful,  and,  according  to  Gourgaud,  a  most  accomplished 
dancer.  She  never  saw  Napoleon  during  the  short 
time  she  remained  on  the  Island  after  his  arrival. 
After  the  death  of  Colonel  Wilks  she  married 
William  Blamire,  M.P.  for  Westmorland,  and  died 
in  Harley  Street  on  January  9th,  1857. 

Wood,  Lieutenant  George  Horsley  (1796-1874),  of  the 
20th  Foot. 

Lieutenant  Wood  came  to  St.  Helena  with  the 
20th  Foot,  and  was  stationed  with  a  picket  at 
Mason's  Stock  House,  on  the  other  side  of  Fisher's 
Valley.  He  was  a  Manxman,  and  a  son  of  General 
Wood.  He  entered  the  Army  in  1813  as  2nd 
Lieutenant  in  the  20th  Foot,  becoming  a  Lieutenant 
in  1821,  and  soon  after  joined  the  67th  Foot,  but  in 
1827  he  was  placed  on  half-pay.  Lieutenant  Wood 
was  one  of  the  devout  band  of  young  Christians 
in  St.  Helena,  and  while  he  was  in  occupation  of 
Mason's  Stock  House  others  of  the  same  per- 
suasion assembled  nightly  and  prayed  for  the  con- 
version of  Napoleon.  (See  "What  happened  at 
Mason's  Stock  House.") 

Wood,  however,  is  closely  identified  with  the 
history  of  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena  in  other  ways.  He 
was  present  at  both  the  funeral  in  1821  and  the  ex- 
humation in  1840,  and  thus  shares  with  Hodson  and 
Ward  and  a  few  others  the  honour  of  being  present 
at  both  functions.  In  1853  he  published  a  book  of 
Poems,  and  four  of  them  ("Napoleon,"  "Napoleon 
in  Exile,"  "  On  Revisiting  St.  Helena,"  and  "  On  the 
Manner  of  Life  and  Death  and  Obsequies  of 
Napoleon")  are  probably  unique  in  being  the  only 

137 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

poems  written  by  one  who  was  employed  in  guarding 
the  Emperor  in  St.  Helena,  and  who  was  present 
at  both  the  funeral  and  the  exhumation.  Wood 
also  presented  to  Napoleon  III.  the  original  sketch 
of  Napoleon  when  dead,  by  W.  J.  Rubidge.  The 
poem  on  Napoleon  is  as  follows : — 

"  Sorrow  and  pity  marked  the  mournful  day, 
Sad  sighs  were  heard  and  heartfelt  tears  were  shed, 
When  pale  in  death  upon  his  lowly  bed 
As  in  deep  sleep  the  mighty  chieftain  lay. 
Long,  long  I  gazed  and  bent  me  o'er  the  dead, 
For  ne'er  before  did  I  in  rapture  trace 
Such  purity  and  loveliness  and  peace 
As  o'er  the  features  of  that  face  were  spread. 
What  though  long  lingering  years  had  passed  away, 
That  form  remained  untouched  by  fell  decay. 
The  faithful  friend  with  joy  beheld  once  more 
That  well-known  face  so  tranquil,  pure  and  fair, 
And  some  who  ne'er  had  seen  that  face 
Beheld  amazed  Napoleon  sleeping  there." 

In  his  poem  "  On  Revisiting  St.  Helena  "  he  says : 

"  Oft  have  I  gazed  upon  this  wondrous  man 
But  aye  with  strange  emotions  undefined. 
And  I  did  hold  that  pale  cold  hand  in  mine 
Which  once  did  grasp  the  sceptre  of  the  World." 

(References:  Poems.  G.  H.  Wood.  1853.  Manx  Re- 
collections. Katherine  A.  Forrest.  1894.  Facts 
communicated  by  Mr  Watson.) 

Wortham,  Lieutenant  Hale  Young  (1794-1882).  Second 
in  Command  of  the  Engineers  at  St.  Helena. 

Wortham  entered  the  Royal  Engineers  in  1812, 
and  saw  some  service  in  the  Peninsular  War.  He 
sailed  for  St.  Helena  in  the  Phaeton,  and,  under  the 
directions    of   Major    Emmett,    superintended    the 

138 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

repairs  and  works  around  Longwood,  in  succession 
to  Lieutenant  Basil  Jackson,  who  had  performed 
that  duty.  When  the  dispute  between  Captain 
Lutyens  and  Major  Edward  Jackson  arose  (see 
Lutyens),  Wortham  considered  that  his  conduct  had 
also  been  criticised  unjustly,  and  he  was  allowed  to 
resign  his  position  at  Longwood  on  April  15th,  1821. 
Wortham  became  Lt. -Colonel  in  1847,  and  held  for 
some  years  the  post  of  Superintendent  of  Turnpike 
Roads  in  South  Wales.  He  retired  from  the  Army 
in  1858,  and  died  in  1882,  having  reached  the 
advanced  age  of  eighty-eight. 

Wynyard,  Colonel  Edward  Buckley  (1780-1865). 
Military  Secretary  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 

Colonel  Wynyard  arrived  in  St.  Helena  on  May 
6th,  1816,  in  the  Adamant,  and  remained  until  June, 
1820.  Although  Military  Secretary,  he  does  not 
appear  to  have  occupied  a  very  prominent  part  in 
St.  Helena,  for  the  functions  of  his  office  were  in  the 
able  hands  of  Gorrequer. 

Colonel  Wynyard  belonged  to  the  Grenadier 
Guards,  and  saw  service  at  Santa  Maura,  where  he 
was  wounded.  He  was  present  also  at  the  attacks 
on  Ischia  and  Procida,  and  it  was  at  these  operations 
that  he  became  known  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe.  In 
after-life  Colonel  Wynyard  became  Aide-de-Camp 
to  William  IV.,  and  Colonel  of  the  58th  Regiment. 
He  was  created  C.B.  in  1840. 

Y 

Younghusband,  Captain  Robert  (1785-1858).  53rd 
Regiment. 

He  entered  the  Army  in  1801  as  Cornet  in  the 
139 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

17th  Dragoons,  and  became  Lieutenant  in  1803. 
On  the  reduction  of  this  regiment,  Younghusband 
went  on  half-pay  with  a  promise  from  Colonel 
Gordon,  the  Military  Secretary  of  the  Duke  of  York, 
that  he  should  return  to  his  regiment  if  opportunity 
offered. 

On  November  24th,  1803,  Younghusband  joined 
the  53rd  Foot,  as  Lieutenant,  and  became  Captain 
in  1811.  He  proceeded  with  this  regiment  to  India, 
and  married  on  June  8th,  1811,  in  Calcutta, 
Catherine  Robertson  (formerly  Miss  Whinyates), 
the  widow  of  Captain  Robertson,  of  the  Bengal 
Artillery.  Younghusband  came  out  to  St.  Helena 
with  the  regiment,  and  during  the  absence  of  Major 
Fehrzen  at  the  Cape  was  placed  in  command.  On 
April  20th,  and  again  on  June  18th,  1816,  he  was 
received  by  Napoleon.  On  the  reduction  of  the 
53rd  he  was  placed  on  half-pay  on  December  24th, 
1817,  with  the  rank  of  Major,  and  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  at  Middleton  Hall,  Belford,  and 
Clive  Cottage,  Alnwick. 

Mrs  Younghusband  was  a  source  of  great  trouble 
to  her  husband  while  in  St.  Helena.  On  December 
7th,  1816,  Gourgaud  states  in  his  journal  that  the 
Captain  had  suffered  many  misfortunes  on  account  of 
his  wife.  "  Almost  a  duel  with  Captain  Harrison ; 
a  fine  of  300  louis,  because  she  had  aspersed  the  moral 
character  of  Mrs  Nagle;  and  trouble  with  the 
Governor,  because  a  letter  of  hers  had  been  found 
amongst  the  papers  of  Las  Cases  when  he  was 
arrested."  When  Lowe's  action  against  O'Meara 
came  on  in  1823,  Younghusband  was  one  of  those 
who  swore  an  affidavit  in  favour  of  the  latter.     (See 

140 


THE   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

The  Genealogist,  vol.  ii.,  Old  Series,  p.  53,  where 
will  be  found  a  complete  pedigree  of  the  Young- 
husband  family.) 

Younghusband,  Captain  William  (1784-1846).  Brother 
of  the  above  and  Commander  of  the  Union,  belonging 
to  the  H.E.I.C.  In  company  with  his  brother,  he 
was  received  by  Napoleon  on  June  18th,  1816. 


141 


A  CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF 
NAPOLEONS  VISITORS  IN  ST.  HELENA 

October,  1815— 

15th.   Colonel   Wilks,   the   Governor   of  St.   Helena, 

was    presented    to    Napoleon  on    board   the 

Northumberland. 
18th.   Napoleon  was  entertained  at  lunch  at  Longwood 

by  the  Skeltons. 

November,  1815 — 

10th.  Mrs  Balcombe  and  Mrs  Stewart  walked  with 
Napoleon. 

18th.   Colonel  Skelton  saw  Napoleon. 

20th.  Napoleon  walked  from  "The  Briars,"  and 
paid  a  visit  to  Major  Hodson,  the  Judge- 
Advocate,  at  "  Maldivia." 

26th.  Sir  George  Bingham,  in  command  of  the  troops, 
and  Major  Fehrzen,  in  command  of  the  53rd 
Regiment,  paid  a  visit  to  Napoleon  at  "  The 
Briars." 

December,  1815 — 

8th.    Bingham    called    and   proposed    to   accompany 

Napoleon  to  Longwood. 
9th.   Captain   Mackay,   of  the   Minden,  with    Com- 
mander Vincent,  and  Mr  Hall,  a  midshipman, 
presented  to  Napoleon. 
10th.    Balcombe  had  lunch  with  Napoleon   at  "The 
Briars,"  and  Napoleon  arrived  at  Longwood 
at  4  p.m.  with  Sir  George  Cockburn. 
142 


CHRONOLOGICAL   LIST 

12th.    Colonel  Wilks  received  in  audience. 

13th.   Major  Fehrzen  dined  with  Napoleon. 

19th.   Napoleon  passed  by  the  house  of  Mrs  Nagle  and 

inquired  of  her  the  news. 
20th.    Napoleon  walked  over  the  Company's  farm  with 

Mr  Breame,  the  Company's  farmer. 
24th.    Sir  George  Bingham  asked  Napoleon  to  receive 

the  officers  of  the  53rd  Regiment. 
27th.    Sir  George  Bingham  presented  the  officers  of  the 

53rd  Regiment  to  Napoleon. 
30th.   Major    Fehrzen    lunched    with   Napoleon,    and 

Sir  George  Cockburn  called. 
31st.    Lt. -Colonel    Skelton,  the   Lt.-Governor  of  St. 
Helena,     and     Mrs     Skelton     dined     with 
Napoleon.     Colonel  Skelton  also  drove  with 
him. 
January,  1816 — 

2nd.  Sir  George  Bingham  dined  with  Napoleon. 
3rd.    Sir    George   Cockburn   proposed   to  ride   with 
Napoleon  to  Sandy  Bay,  and,  after  hesitation, 
the  proposition  was  accepted. 
4th.    Major  Fehrzen  and  several  officers  of  the  53rd 

Regiment  dined  with  Napoleon. 
5th.   Sir    George    Cockburn    and    Major    and    Mrs 

Hodson  dined  with  Napoleon. 
7th.   Captain    Poppleton   dined   with   Napoleon  and 
Mr   Porteous   and   Miss   Knipe    (le    Bouton 
de   Rose)    spoke  to   him.     He   also   received 
Sir    W.   Doveton    and   Mr   Leech,   the  two 
members  of  the  Council,  and  Mr  Brooke,  the 
Secretary. 
14th.    Captain    Theed,   Commander   of    the    Leveret, 
received  by  Napoleon. 
143 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

15th.    Captain   Ross,   of   the   Northumberland,    dined 

with  Napoleon. 
20th.    Colonel  Wilks  received  by  Napoleon. 
22nd.  Lt.-Colonel  Skelton  and  Captain  Devon,  of  the 

Icarus,  received   by   Napoleon ;    they   drove 

and  dined  with  him. 
23rd.   Sir  George  Cockburn  received  by  Napoleon. 

February,  1816— 

4th.   Sir  George  Bingham  and    an    Artillery  officer 

granted  a  reception. 
9th.   Captain  Leslie,  the  Commander  of  the  Theban, 
received  by  Napoleon.     A  Doctor  and  Colonel 
Mackay  were  also  presented. 
13th.   Sir    George    Bingham   went  for   a  drive  with 

Napoleon. 
24th.   The  Balcombes  called  and  saw  Napoleon. 

March,  1816— 

4th.   Some  Captains  of  the  China  Fleet  were  received 

by  Napoleon. 
6th.   Some  more  Captains  were  received. 
8th.   Dr  Warden  came  to  see  Gourgaud,  and  dined 
with  Napoleon. 
13th.   Lt.-Colonel  and  Mrs  Skelton  called,  and  drove 

with  Napoleon. 
16th.   A    Colonel    from    the    lie     de     France    saw 
Napoleon.     Captain  Murray,  of  the  Spey,  and 
Captain  Hamilton,  of  the  Ceylon,  were  also 
received. 
18th.   Lt.-Colonel    and    Mrs     Skelton    drove     with 

Napoleon. 
29th.   Many  Captains  of  the  China  Fleet  presented  to 
Napoleon. 

144 


REAR-ADMIRAL  ROBERT  PLAMPIN 


Sec  page  l  u. 


CHRONOLOGICAL   LIST 

April,  1816— 

7th.  The  officers  of  the  53rd,  with  Fehrzen  and 
Younghusband,  were  introduced  to  Napoleon. 

11th.  Lt.-Colonel  and  Mrs  Skelton  dined  with 
Napoleon. 

14th.  Sir  George  Bingham  called  and  informed 
Napoleon  of  the  arrival  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 

17th.  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  had  his  first  interview  with 
Napoleon,  and  presented  Sir  Thomas  Reade, 
the  Deputy  Adjutant- General,  and  Major 
Gorrequer.  According  to  Gourgaud,  Major 
Emmett  and  Lieutenant  Wortham,  of  the 
Engineers,  Dr  Baxter,  the  Deputy  Inspector 
of  Hospitals,  and  Lieutenant  Basil  Jackson, 
of  the  Staff  Corps,  were  presented. 

20th.  Colonel  and  Miss  Wilks  and  Captain  Young- 
husband,  of  the  53rd  Regiment,  received  by 
Napoleon.  According  to  Wilks,  three  other 
ladies  were  present. 

21st.  Captain  G.  W.  Hamilton,  of  the  Havannah,  and 
his  officers  received  by  Napoleon. 

30th.   Lowe's  second  visit  to  Napoleon. 

May,  1816— 

5th.    William  Balcombe,  the  purveyor  and  the  owner 
of  "  The  Briars,"  with  Mr  Urmston,  of  Canton, 
had  lunch  with  Napoleon. 
8th.   Captain  Huntley,  of  the  CornwalUs,  with  many 
English  passengers,  presented. 
11th.   Mrs  Skelton  said  good-bye  to   Napoleon,   and 
played  chess  with  him.     Dr  Warden  was  also 
received. 
k  145 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

12th.   Captain   Bowen,  of  the   Salsette,  presented  to 

Napoleon. 
13th.   Dr  Warden  received  by  Napoleon. 
14th.   Judge    Burroughs,    Mr    Arbuthnot,    and     Sir 

Thomas  Strange,  on  their  way  from  India, 

presented  to  Napoleon. 
16th.   Lowe's  third   visit  to  Napoleon.    (Lowe  gives 

the  date  as  the  17th.) 
19th.   Sir    Stamforth    Raffles,   Sir    Thomas   Sevestre, 

Captains  Garnham  and  Travers,  received  by 

Napoleon. 
20th.   The  Balcombes  saw  Napoleon. 
23rd.   The  Binghams  visited  Napoleon. 
24th.   Mrs  Fernandez,  wife  of  Lieutenant  Fernandez, 

received  by  Napoleon. 
27th.   Sir  Thomas  Reade  and  Mr  Jones  the  chaplain 

received  by  Napoleon. 
28th.   Sir   George   and   Lady    Bingham   and   Colonel 

John  Mansel  received  by  Napoleon. 

June,  1816— 

3rd.  Captain  Mackay,  of  the  53rd  Regiment,  received, 
previous  to  his  departure  for  England. 

17th.  Dr  Warden  and  Lieutenant  Blood,  of  the 
Northumberland,  received  by  Napoleon,  and 
lunched  with  him. 

18th.  Captain  Younghusband  and  his  brother  William 
saw  Napoleon. 

20th.  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  introduced  Admiral  Sir 
Pulteney  Malcolm,  Captain  Meynell,  of  the 
Newcastle,  Captain  Cochrane,  of  the  Orontes, 
and  Mr  Irving,  the  Admiral's  secretary. 

24th.   Dr  Alexander  Baxter,  the  Deputy  Inspector  of 

146 


CHRONOLOGICAL   LIST 

Hospitals,  and  Mr  Rainsford,  Superintendent 
of  Police,  presented  to  Napoleon. 
25th.   Sir  Pulteney   and   Lady  Malcolm  received  by 
Napoleon. 

July,  1816— 

4th.    Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  introduced  the  officers  of 

the  Newcastle  to  Napoleon. 
11th.    Captain    Rich,    of   the    Racoon,    presented    to 

Napoleon. 
16th.   Lowe's  fifth  visit  to  Napoleon.     (Some  accounts 

say  the  17th.) 
19th.    Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  and  Mr  Hicks,  the  Master 

of  the  Newcastle,  received  by  Napoleon. 
21st.    Mr  Porteous,  Mrs  and   Miss   Knipe  talked  to 

Napoleon  in  the  garden. 
25th.    Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  was  received  by  Napoleon. 
27th.    Colonel  Keating,  the  Governor  of  the   lie  de 

Bourbon,  and  Sir  George   Bingham  received 

by  Napoleon. 

August,  1816— 

1st.    Captain    Festing,    of    the    Falmouth,    Captain 
Murray,  of  the  Griffon,  Captain  Meynell,  of 
the  Newcastle,  and  Captain  Griffin  received 
by  Napoleon. 
3rd.    Colonel  John  Mansel,  in  command  of  the  53rd 
Regiment,  and  Sir  George  Bingham  presented 
to  Napoleon. 
6th.    Mr  Drake,  a   midshipman,  was   spoken  to  by 
Napoleon,  with  reference  to  the  tent  he  was 
erecting  at  Longwood. 
10th.    Sir   Pulteney   and   Lady   Malcolm   called ;   the 
latter  rode  round  the   Park  with  Napoleon. 
147 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

16th.   Sir    Pulteney    Malcolm     saw    Napoleon     and 

brought  the  ice  machine. 
18th.   Lowe's  sixth  and  last  visit  to  Napoleon,  with 

Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm. 
25th.    Mr  Lewis  and  Captain  Gray,  r.a.,  from  the  lie 

de  France,  received  by  Napoleon. 
30th.    Captain  Poppleton  sent  for  by  Napoleon. 
31st.    Major  Fehrzen  and  Sir  George  Bingham  received 

by  Napoleon. 

September,  1816 — 

21st.    Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  said  good-bye  to  Napoleon 
previous  to  sailing  for  the  Cape. 

October,  1816— 

4th.   Sir  Thomas  Reade  received  by  Napoleon. 
15th.   Napoleon  asked  two  strangers  at  Longwood  to 
carry  a  message  to  Lord  Bathurst. 

November,  1816 — 

25th.   Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  and  Captain  Meynell  saw 
Napoleon. 

December,  1816 — 

23rd.   William  Balcombe  saw  Napoleon. 

January,  1817 — 

9th.    Sir  George  Bingham  was  received  by  Napoleon. 
11th.   Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm,   Captain   Meynell,   and 
Captain  Wauchope,   of  the   Eurydice,   were 
received  by  Napoleon. 
17th.    Balcombe  was  received  by  Napoleon. 
31st.    Sir  Pulteney  and  Lady  Malcolm  and  Captain 
Meynell  received  by  Napoleon. 
148 


CHRONOLOGICAL   LIST 

February,  1817— 

12th.    Mrs     Balcombe     and     daughters    dined     with 

Napoleon. 
14th.    Mrs     and     Miss     Balcombe     saw     Napoleon. 

Fehrzen  saw  Napoleon.     (Doubtful.) 
28th.    Balcombe  saw  Napoleon. 

March,  1817— 

7th.    Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  called  and  saw  Napoleon. 
8th.   Mrs  Balcombe  and  daughters  saw  Napoleon. 
14th.    Sir  George  and  Lady  Bingham  saw  Napoleon. 
25th.    Sir     Pulteney    and     Lady    Malcolm,     Captain 
Festing,  of  the  Falmouth,  and  Captain  Stanfell, 
of  the  Phaeton,  received  by  Napoleon. 

April,  1817— 

2nd.  Captain  Cooke,  of  the  Tortoise,  and  Mr 
Mackenzie,  a  midshipman,  received  by 
Napoleon. 
19th.  Captains  Campbell,  Innes,  and  Ripley,  com- 
manders of  East  Indiamen,  received  by 
Napoleon. 

May,  1817— 

3rd.    Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  saw  Napoleon. 
23rd.    Colonel  Dodgin  spoke  to  Napoleon.     (Doubtful.) 

June,  1817— 

7th.  Captain  Balston,  of  the  Princess  Amelia,  and  Mr 
Manning,  the  Thibetan  traveller,  received  by 
Napoleon. 
14th.  Captain  H.  J.  Phelps,  of  the  80th  Regiment,  on 
the  way  to  England,  had  an  interview  with 
Napoleon. 

149 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

19th.  Sir  Pulteney  and  Lady  Malcolm,  Captain 
Meynell,  Major  Boys,  of  the  Marines,  Captain 
Jenkin  Jones,  of  the  Julia,  Captain  Wright, 
of  the  Griffon,  and  Colonel  Fagan,  Judge 
Advocate-General  in  Bengal,  received  by 
Napoleon. 

29th.  Mr  Leech  and  Captain  Johnson,  of  the  Ocean, 
spoke  to  Napoleon  in  the  garden. 

July,  1817— 

1st.  The  reception  of  Lord  Amherst  and  suite,  viz. 
Captain  Murray  Maxwell,  of  the  Alceste, 
Mr  Ellis,  Mr  Griffiths  the  chaplain,  Dr 
MacLeod,  Dr  Clark  Abel,  Dr  Lynn,  Lieu- 
tenant Cook,  Mr  Hayne,  the  secretary,  and 
Jeffery  Amherst. 
2nd.  Mr  Irving,  the  secretary  to  Admiral  Malcolm, 

is  seen  by  Napoleon. 
3rd.   Admiral   Plampin  and   Captain   Davie,  of  the 
Conqueror,   and    Mr    Elliott,   the    secretary, 
introduced    to    Napoleon    by   Sir    Pulteney 
Malcolm. 

13th.    Balcombe  spoke  to  Napoleon. 

14th.  Napoleon  received  the  officers  of  the  53rd  Regi- 
ment previous  to  leaving  the  Island.  Sir 
George  Bingham  presented  them. 

18th.  Napoleon  received  the  officers  of  the  66th  Regi- 
ment, who  were  about  to  depart  for  England, 
introduced  by  Sir  George  Bingham. 

20th.  Major  Anthony  Emmett,  in  command  of  the 
Engineers,  and  Lieutenant  Basil  Jackson,  of 
the  Staff  Corps,  were  granted  an  interview 
by  Napoleon. 

150 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST 

22nd.  Balcombe  spoke  to  Napoleon  at  Bertrand's. 

26th.  Napoleon  talked  with  "the  Nymph"  (Miss 
Robinson),  who  was  about  to  depart  for 
England  with  her  newly  married  husband, 
Edwards. 

August,  1817— 

10th.  Dr  Alexander  Baxter  saw  Napoleon.  (Doubt- 
ful.) 

13th.  Captain  Basil  Hall,  of  the  Lyra,  Mr  Hervey,  and 
Mr  Clifford  were  received  by  Napoleon. 

14th.  Sir  George  and  Lady  Bingham  were  received  by 
Napoleon,  also  possibly  Colonel  Nicol. 

17th.  Balcombe  met  Napoleon  in  Montholon's  rooms. 

19th.  Dr  Alexander  Baxter  had  an  interview  with 
Napoleon  lasting  an  hour. 

22nd.  Mr  Cole,  Balcombe's  partner,  saw  Napoleon. 

September,  1817 — 

1st.  The  officers  of  the  66th  Regiment,  thirty-seven 
in  all,  presented  to  Napoleon.  Sir  George 
Bingham  presented  them.  An  officer  of  the 
Artillery  from  the  Cape  also  presented. 

2nd.  Captain  Lord,  Lieutenants  Patullo,  Higgins, 
and  Talbot,  of  the  R.A.,  presented.  (Doubt- 
ful.) 

5th.   Admiral  Plampin  with  Sir  P.  Malcolm  received 
by  Napoleon. 
26th.   Balcombe  saw  Napoleon. 

October,  1817— 

1st.    Dr  Alexander  Baxter  and  Mr  Cole  saw  Napoleon. 
9th.    Dr  Stokoe,  the  Surgeon  of  the  Conqueror,  intro- 
duced to  Napoleon  by  O'Meara. 
4th.  Balcombe  talked  to  Napoleon. 

151 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

March,  1818 — 

16th.  Balcombe  with  his  two  daughters  called  to  say 
"good-bye"  before  leaving  on  the  18th  in  the 
Winchelsea. 

April,  1819— 

2nd.  Mr  C.  M.  Ricketts,  a  kinsman  of  Lord  Liverpool, 
had  an  interview  with  Napoleon. 

October,  1820— 

4th.  Napoleon  paid  a  visit  to  Sir  William  Doveton 
at  his  house  at  Sandy  Bay,  and  had  breakfast 
there. 
William  Warden,  the  Surgeon  of  the  North- 
umberland, had  several  interviews  with 
Napoleon  between  October  15th,  1815,  and 
June,  1816. 

(References:  All  the  contemporary  published  accounts 
and  the  "Lowe  Papers,"  particularly  the  weekly 
reports  of  the  Orderly  Officers,  Captains  Poppleton 
and  Blakeney.) 

Note. — In  some  cases  the  dates  given  by  different 
authorities  have  not  agreed,  and  where  this  has 
been  the  case,  the  most  probable  date  has  been 
adopted. 


152 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  EVENTS  AFTER 
NAPOLEON'S  DEATH 

Saturday,  May  5th,  1821,  at  5.49  p.m. — 

Death  of  Napoleon.  Present  at  the  death,  or 
soon  after, 'were:  Bertrand,  his  wife  and  children, 
Montholon,  Marchand,  Pierron,  St.  Denis,  Novarrez, 
Chandelier,  Coursot,  Archambault,  Dr  Antom- 
marchi,  Dr  Arnott,  and  possibly  Madame  St.  Denis 
and  Madame  Novarrez.  Vignali,  the  priest,  offered 
prayers  for  the  dying  in  an  adjoining  room. 

During  the  night  of  May  5th — 

Dr  Arnott  watched  over  the  body  at  the  request 
of  Count  Montholon.  (See  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol. 
20,133.) 

Sunday,  May  6th,  up  to  2  p.m. — 

The  body  lay  on  the  bed  in  sleeping  attire,  with 
a  crucifix  on  the  breast.  During  this  period  the 
sketches  by  Ibbetson,  Marryat,  Crokat,  Arnott,  and 
Vidal  were  made. 

The  body  was  viewed  in  the  morning  by  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe,  Rear -Admiral  Lambert,  General 
Pine-Coffin,  Captains  Marryat,  Brown,  and  Hendry, 
Marquis  Montchenu,  Sir  Thomas  Reade,  Major 
Gorrequer,  other  senior  British  officers,  and  Mr  Brooke 
and  Mr  Greentree,  members  of  the  St.  Helena 
Council. 

153 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Sunday,  May  6th,  2  to  3.30  p.m.— 

The  post-mortem  examination  took  place,  and 
was  performed  by  Antommarchi,  in  the  presence 
of  Bertrand,  Montholon,  Sir  Thos.  Reade,  Major 
Harrison,  Captain  Crokat,  Vignali,  Marchand,  St. 
Denis,  Pierron,  and  Drs  Shortt,  Arnott,  Burton, 
Mitchell,  Livingstone,  Henry,  and  Rutledge.  After 
completion  of  the  post-mortem  examination,  the 
body  was  washed  and  dressed  in  the  uniform  of  a 
Colonel  of  the  Chasseurs  de  la  Garde,  with  the  cocked 
hat  on,  and  a  crucifix  on  the  breast. 

Sunday,  May  6th,  5  p.m.,  to  Monday,  May  7th,  7.30  p.m. — 

Assistant  Surgeon  Rutledge  was  in  charge  of  the 
corpse,  which  lay  in  state  all  day  Monday.  People 
were  admitted  to  see  the  body,  marshalled  by 
Captain  Crokat.  During  this  period  the  portraits 
by  Ensign  Ward,  Rubidge,  and  Welsh  were  sketched. 
(See  the  account  of  his  vigil  by  Rutledge  in  Forsyth, 
vol.  iii.,  and  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,133. 

Monday,  May  7th,  7.30  p.m. — 

Abraham  Millington,  the  armourer  -  sergeant, 
arrived,  and  soldered  up  the  coffins  in  the  presence 
of  Bertrand  and  his  wife,  Montholon,  Vignali, 
Antommarchi,  Andrew  Darling,  the  upholsterer, 
Rutledge,  the  French  domestics,  and  Samuel  Ley, 
private  of  the  20th  Regiment*  (See  the  account  of 
Abraham  Millington,  Military  Gazette,  March  3rd, 
1838.) 

Tuesday,  May  8th— 

The  sealed  coffins  lay  in  state  all  day. 

154 


CHRONOLOGY   OF  THE   EVENTS 

Wednesday,  May  9th — 

The  funeral  took  place.  During  the  latter  part 
of  the  journey,  the  coffin  was  borne  to  its  last 
resting-place  by  twenty-four  specially  selected  men 
from  the  Grenadier  Companies  of  the  20th  and  the 
66th  Regiments,  the  Artillery,  the  Engineers,  and 
the  St.  Helena  Regiment.  It  is  a  matter  for  regret 
that  the  names  of  the  men  who  performed  this  duty, 
which  would  have  been  coveted  by  the  greatest 
captains  in  any  age,  cannot  now  be  traced. 

The  Construction  of  Napoleon's  Tomb 

"  A  pit  was  dug  sufficiently  capacious  to  allow  a  wall 
of  masonry,  two  feet  in  thickness,  to  be  built  within  it 
round  the  sides.  The  dimensions  were:  depth,  twelve 
feet ;  length,  eight  feet ;  and  breadth,  five  feet.  At  the 
bottom  of  the  pit,  where  was  also  a  layer  of  masonry, 
a  large  white  stone  was  placed,  and  the  coffin  rested  on 
eight  stones  one  foot  in  height.  Four  other  large  white 
stones  were  placed  on  each  side  of  the  grave,  and  the 
whole  cemented  together.  The  top  was  enclosed  by  an 
additional  large  white  stone  let  down  by  pulleys,  and 
firmly  cemented  with  the  other  portions  of  the  grave,  so 
as  to  form  a  stone  coffin  or  sarcophagus ;  two  layers  of 
masonry  were  then  built  over,  joined,  and  even  clamped  to 
the  side  walls.  The  remaining  depth  of  eight  feet  to  the 
surface  of  the  ground  was  filled  up  with  earth,  and  above 
the  surface  flat  stones  were  laid  over  the  grave,  the 
length  of  which  was  twelve  feet,  and  the  breadth  eight 
feet."    (See  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,138.) 

The  pit  for  the  grave  was  dug  by  Warren  and  Andrews, 
two  privates  of  the  Engineers,  and  the  whole  was  devised 
and  planned  by  Major  Anthony  Emmett. 

155 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

The  Post-Mortem  Reports 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  post-mortem  examination, 
it  fell  to  the  lot  of  Dr  Shortt,  the  Principal  Medical 
Officer,  to  draw  up  the  Offical  Report  of  the  appearances 
observed.  He  thereupon  wrote  out  a  draft  report  in  which 
he  stated  that  "  the  liver  was  perhaps  a  little  larger  than 
natural."  This  he  signed  together  with  Burton,  Mitchell, 
and  Arnott.  Lowe,  however,  rejected  this  report  on  the 
grounds  that  the  remark  concerning  the  liver  did  not 
represent  the  view  of  the  majority  of  the  doctors  present, 
and  that  the  name  of  Livingstone  did  not  appear  amongst 
the  signatures.  This  original  draft  is  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Rev.  E.  Brook- Jackson,  and  a  footnote  in 
Dr  Shortt's  handwriting  states  that  the  sentence  regard- 
ing the  liver  was  suppressed  by  order  of  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe. 

Several  original  copies  of  the  amended  Official  Report 
are  in  existence  with  the  remarks  concerning  the  liver 
omitted,  and  all  have  the  five  signatures  appended.  One, 
in  Shortt's  handwriting,  is  in  the  Record  Office,  two 
other  copies  in  the  handwriting  of  a  clerk,  but  with  the 
five  original  signatures,  are  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vols. 
20,133,  20,214,  and  a  fair  copy  of  the  same  is  in  volume 
20,157.  Another  one,  possibly  in  Shortt's  handwriting, 
and  with  five  holograph  signatures,  was  in  the  possession 
of  Mr  W.  T.  Sabin.  A  very  interesting  draft  report, 
with  the  remarks  concerning  the  liver  crossed  out,  and 
the  amended  sentence  written  in  the  margin  in  another 
hand,  was  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Mr  A.  M.  Broadley. 
This  copy  is  most  probably  the  first  attempt  made  to 
draw  up  the  Official  Report  as  it  was  intended  to 
appear  finally. 

156 


SIR  THOMAS   READE 


Sec  page  i 1 7 


THE  ARTISTS  IN  ST.   HELENA 

As  would  be  supposed,  those  in  St.  Helena  who 
possessed  any  artistic  talent  were  constantly  seeking 
opportunities  for  executing  a  "  Portrait  of  Napoleon  from 
Life,"  or  were  engaged  in  sketching  and  painting  views  of 
Longwood  and  other  places  of  interest  on  the  Island. 
Some,  who  had  visited  St.  Helena  years  before  it  became 
famous,  on  learning  that  it  was  to  be  the  home  of 
Napoleon,  published  such  sketches  of  places  and  scenery 
as  they  possessed,  and  from  1815  to  1821  any  portrait  or 
view  "  taken  on  the  spot  "  found  a  ready  sale  in  London. 
Nearly  all  the  artists  in  St.  Helena  during  the  captivity 
were  amateurs,  and  on  this  account,  although  the  list  is 
a  long  one,  allowances  must  be  made  for  the  want  of  skill 
so  often  exhibited  in  the  drawings  and  paintings.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  the  artists  and  their  chief  productions, 
but  it  may,  very  possibly,  be  incomplete : — 

Allison,  Frederick.  One  of  the  dragoons  in  St.  Helena, 
and  employed  by  Captain  Nicholls  to  carry  messages 
to  and  from  Longwood.  Allison  styled  himself 
"  Napoleon's  Orderly,"  and  made  sketches  and 
paintings  of  Longwood,  the  Tomb,  the  Funeral 
Car,  and  Napoleon  himself.  He  also  painted  in  1821 
a  panoramic  view  of  Longwood,  the  Tomb,  the 
Race-course,  and  the  Company's  Farm.  His  work 
is  of  the  crudest  description,  and  so  far  as  is  known, 
all  his  paintings  and  drawings  are  in  the  possession 
of  Monsieur  Brouwet,  and  the  writer.  Monsieur 
Brouwet  has  also  a  manuscript  written  by  Allison, 

157 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

giving  an  account  of  unimportant  facts  connected 
with  the  captivity. 
Antommarchi,  Francesco.  Napoleon's  medical  attendant 
from  September  23rd,  1819,  to  the  end.  A  small 
pencil  drawing  of  Napoleon  in  the  collection  of  Dr 
George  Williamson  of  Burgh  House,  Hampstead,  to 
whom  thanks  are  rendered  for  permission  to  publish 
the  fact.  The  inscription  at  the  back  states, 
"  Napoleon,  drawn  in  St.  Helena  by  Dr  F.  Antom- 
marchi, his  Corsican  medical  attendant,  September, 
1819,  given  to  Madame  Rabelle  in  1820." 

Arnott,  Archibald,  m.d.  Surgeon  to  the  20th  Foot 
Regiment.  He  made  a  sketch  of  Napoleon  as  he  lay 
dead,  and  before  he  was  dressed  in  uniform. 

"  B.,"  "  J."  Monsieur  Armand  Dayot  states  in  his  book 
that  several  sketches  of  Napoleon  on  board  the 
Northumberland  bear  the  initials  "  J.  B."  From  an 
inspection  of  the  muster  rolls  of  that  ship,  two 
possible  people  with  those  initials  are  James  Blunden, 
the  writer,  and  Joseph  Breaden,  the  assistant  surgeon. 

Bagge,  John.  A  cartographer.  A  map  of  St.  Helena 
was  published  by  him  in  1823,  with  explanations  in 
French.  This  map  was  engraved  to  illustrate  Las 
Cases'  Memorial. 

Barnett,  Captain.  On  his  way  home  from  India, 
Captain  Barnett  visited  St.  Helena,  and  made 
sketches  of  High  Knoll  and  the  Valley  of  Jamestown. 
These  were  engraved  by  Turner  and  published  in 
July,  1806. 

Bellasis,  George  Hutchens.  He  visited  St.  Helena  in 
1812,  and  made  a  series  of  sketches.  These  were 
engraved   in  coloured   aquatint  by  R.  Havell,  and 

158 


THE   ARTISTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 

published  in  1815,  in  an  oblong  folio  containing  six 
views,  with  explanatory  text. 

Blake,  E.  S.  A  lieutenant  in  the  Bombay  Artillery. 
He  painted  a  view  of  Jamestown  from  the  road 
leading  to  "  The  Briars,"  and  this  was  lithographed 
and  published  in  1831. 

Boys,  Major  R.  P.  In  command  of  the  Marines  on  board 
the  Newcastle.  He  made  a  full-length  sketch  of 
Napoleon  from  life  in  1817.  This  sketch  was  sold 
at  Puttick's  in  1919.  The  portrait,  however,  has  a 
strong  resemblance  to  those  of  Ibbetson. 

Burton,  Francis,  m.d.  Surgeon  to  the  66th  Regiment. 
He  executed  the  famous  cast  of  Napoleon's  head. 

"  C,"  "  E.  T."  A  pencil  sketch  of  Napoleon,  with  the 
initials  "E.  T.  C."  appended,  was  in  the  Broadley 
collection. 

Chinaman,  A.  This  unknown  Oriental,  who  is  said  to 
have  been  employed  as  a  cook  at  Longwood,  made 
a  sketch  of  Napoleon  after  death,  and  when  dressed 
in  uniform,  but  it  is  evidently  merely  a  copy  of 
the  portrait  by  Rubidge.  The  Chinaman  also  made 
sketches  of  Longwood,  the  Tomb,  and  other  views 
in  St.  Helena.  They  are  all  executed  on  rice  paper, 
and  several  examples  of  each  subject  are  in  existence. 
It  is  probable  that  these  drawings  were  made  much 
later  than  the  period  of  the  captivity,  possibly  about 
1850. 

Corbett,  Miss  E.  M.  Painted  a  view  of  Longwood. 
This  is  in  the  collection  of  Dr  J.  F.  Silk. 

Crokat,  Captain  William.  Of  the  20th  Foot  Regiment, 
and  the  last  orderly  officer  at  Longwood.  He  made 
a  sketch  of  Napoleon  after  death,  and  before  he  was 

159 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

dressed  in  uniform.  Some  have  asserted  that  this 
sketch  by  Crokat  was  in  reality  executed  by 
Marryat. 

"D.,"  "J."  A  somewhat  gross  portrait  of  Napoleon  in 
water-colour,  dated  May  1st,  1818,  and  bearing  the 
initials  "  J.  D.,"  has  been  published.  J.  D.  might  be 
John  Davie,  Commander  of  the  Conqueror,  John 
Donelan  of  the  66th  Regiment,  John  Doveton,  or 
John  De  Fountain,  all  of  whom  were  in  St.  Helena 
at  the  time. 

Davis,  Samuel.  Six  views  in  St.  Helena,  drawn  by 
Davis,  were  engraved  in  aquatint  by  Daniell,  for 
the  purpose  of  illustrating  Beatson's  book,  published 
in  1816. 

Dodgin,  Captain  Henry  Duncan.  Of  the  66th  Foot 
Regiment,  and  afterwards  of  the  20th  Foot.  He 
made  sketches  of  Napoleon  from  life  which  were 
published  in  1816  and  1820. 

Emmett,  Major  Anthony.  In  command  of  the  Engineers 
in  St.  Helena  from  1816  to  1821.  An  excellent 
plan  of  Longwood  drawn  to  scale  by  Emmett  is  in 
the  Record  Office,  CO.  series. 

Erskine,  David.  Captain  in  the  Royal  York  Rangers. 
He  painted  a  portrait  of  Napoleon  in  March,  1817, 
and  a  view  in  St.  Helena,  while  calling  there  on  his 
way  home  from  India.  Both  the  originals  were  in 
the  Broadley  collection,  and  the  portrait  was  pub- 
lished by  Tomkins  on  May  21st,  1817.  Erskine  was 
the  reputed  natural  son  of  the  Earl  of  Buchan,  was 
knighted,  and  died  in  1837. 

Foley,  Captain.  Of  the  67th  Foot  Regiment.  He 
painted  a  view  of  the  Tomb  in  1828. 

160 


THE   ARTISTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 

Forrest,  Captain.  He  painted  a  view  of  St.  Helena 
from  the  Roads,  which  was  engraved  by  Caldwell, 
and  published  in  1805. 

Gourgaud,  General.  Portrait  sketches  of  Napoleon 
from  life  have  been  attributed  to  him. 

Graham,  J.  A  set  of  twenty-four  lithographic  views  in 
St.  Helena  in  an  album,  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
author.  Amongst  the  views  are  Long  wood,  Long- 
wood  New  House,  the  Tomb,  the  Country  Church, 
the  High  School,  the  Hospital,  the  Barracks,  Plan- 
tation House,  and  the  principal  residences  in  the 
Island.  The  album  belonged  to  Mrs  Eyre,  wife  of 
Andrew  Eyre,  a  lodging-house  keeper  in  Jamestown, 
and  is  dated  by  her  1822.  So  far  as  is  known  this  is 
the  only  copy  of  this  fine  series  that  has  come  to  light. 

"  H,"  "  A."  Two  sketches  of  Balcombe's  House,  "  The 
Briars,"  were  made  by  an  artist  whose  initials  were 
"  A.  H."  One  is  inscribed :  The  Briars  at  St.  Helena. 
The  Cottage  with  the  Tent  attached  then  occupied 
by  Napoleon  Buonaparte.  From  a  Sketch  taken  on 
the  spot,  November  10tht  1815.  The  other  has  a 
similar  inscription,  except  that  the  date  is  given  as 
November  11th,  1815.  They  are  coloured  aquatints 
on  "  Whatman  "  paper,  dated  1816,  and  measure  13 
inches  by  8  inches.  The  name  of  the  engraver  is 
not  given,  and  they  are  "  Open  Letter  "  proofs.  The 
artistic  merit  of  these  two  aquatints  is  considerable, 
and  the  author,  in  whose  possession  they  are,  has 
never  met  with  them  before,  though  other  copies 
are,  doubtless,  in  existence.  "  A.  H."  may  possibly 
have  been  Captain  Hamilton  of  the  Bombay,  for  he 
arrived  on  November  6th  and  sailed  on  the  12th. 
l  161 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Harding,  J.  D.  A  portrait  of  Napoleon  while  in  St. 
Helena  and  a  view  of  the  Tomb  have  been  published 
by  this  artist,  but  so  far  as  is  known  he  was  never  in 
St.  Helena  at  the  time  of  the  captivity,  and  the 
drawings  are,  in  all  probability,  copies  of  those  by 
Denzil  Ibbetson. 

Hasting,  Captain.  Two  views  of  St.  Helena,  drawn  by 
Captain  Hasting,  and  engraved  by  C.  Turner,  were 
published  on  October  31st,  1815,  by  Edward  Orme. 
They  are  fine  coloured  aquatints,  and  measure  21 
inches  by  16  inches.  One  is  entitled  Part  of  St. 
James'  Valley  with  a  distant  view  of  the  Town  of 
St.  Helena,  and  the  other  High  Knoll,  St.  Helena. 
Both  contain  the  figure  of  Napoleon  with  some  of 
his  suite.     They  are  Barnett's  views  slightly  altered. 

Hotham,  Captain  George,  of  the  Engineers.  He  made 
a  sketch  of  Napoleon  from  life,  while  concealed  in 
the  shrubbery  around  Longwood.  (See  Pages  and 
Portraits  from  the  Past,  by  Mrs  Stirling.) 

Huggins,  W.  J.  Marine  painter  to  King  William  IV. 
He  painted  a  view  of  St.  Helena,  and  the  Bengal 
Fleet  leaving  the  St.  Helena  Roads,  which  have  been 
engraved. 

Ibbetson,  Denzil.  Commissary  in  St.  Helena  from  1815 
to  1823.  This  artist  executed  more  portraits  of 
Napoleon  than  any  other,  and  his  skill  was  of  a 
higher  order  than  all  the  rest,  with  the  exception  of 
Vidal.  He  drew  numerous  portraits  of  Napoleon 
while  on  board  the  Northumberland,  and  when  in 
St.  Helena.     He  also  painted  the  well-known  portrait 

162 


THE   ARTISTS   IN  ST.   HELENA 

of  Napoleon  after  death,  and  before  being  dressed  in 
uniform.  He  was  responsible  for  the  celebrated 
Five  Heads  portrait  of  Napoleon  and  his  four 
companions,  Las  Cases,  Bertrand,  Montholon,  and 
Gourgaud.  He  also  executed  a  very  commendable 
painting  of  the  Tomb.  Many  of  the  originals  of 
these  portraits  were  in  the  Broadley  collection 
and  other  private  hands.  Indeed  it  is  probable  that 
Ibbetson  was  often  applied  to  for  a  portrait,  and 
made  copies  for  that  purpose. 

Jackson,  Basil.  Lieutenant  in  the  Staff  Corps,  and  in 
St.  Helena  from  1816  to  1819.  He  made  several 
portrait  sketches  of  Napoleon  from  life,  and  executed 
the  plans  for  Longwood  New  House.  He  was  also 
responsible  for  a  series  of  views  in  St.  Helena  in 
water-colours,  and  furnished  the  illustrations  for 
Hook's  Facts  Illustrative,  According  to  O'Meara 
(see  Exposition,  p.  58),  these  views  are  fanciful.  In 
the  possession  of  the  Senhouse  family  is  an  excellent 
water-colour  portrait  of  Napoleon  which,  it  is  asserted, 
was  drawn  by  Madame  Bertrand  on  board  the 
Bellerophon,  and  presented  by  her  to  Captain 
Senhouse  of  the  Superb.  The  character  of  the 
portrait,  however,  closely  resembles  the  work  of 
Jackson,  and  since  the  background  depicts  St. 
Helena,  it  can  hardly  have  been  executed  on  board 
the  Bellerophon.  Probably  Madame  Bertrand  ob- 
tained it  from  Jackson  and  gave  it  to  Captain 
Senhouse  on  her  return  in  1821. 

Johnson,  Captain  J.,  of  the  Ocean.  He  painted  Long- 
wood  New  House,  which  was  etched  by  G.  Maile, 
and  published  by  Jenkins,  48  Strand,  in  February, 

163 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

1821.  It  bears  little  resemblance  to  the  actual 
house,  has  Napoleon  riding  in  the  foreground,  and 
is  entirely  fanciful.  Johnson  also  painted  a  view  of 
the  Roads  before  Jamestown. 

Kerr,  John.  Paymaster  to  the  66th  Regiment.  He 
painted  in  water-colours  a  series  of  six  views  in 
St.  Helena,  including  the  Tomb,  the  Funeral,  Long- 
wood  New  House,  Mount  Pleasant,  and  Plantation 
House.  These  were  engraved  by  R.  Havell  in 
coloured  aquatint,  and  were  published  by  Colnaghi 
in  1822  with  letterpress  and  key,  under  the  title  of 
Series  of  Views  in  the  Island  of  St.  Helena.  They 
were  dedicated  to  Lady  Lowe. 

Langley,  Captain,  painted  an  imaginative  portrait  of 
Napoleon  standing  on  the  cliffs  at  St.  Helena,  sur- 
rounded by  his  suite,  which  was  engraved  by  J.  de 
Wilde. 

Las  Cases,  Emanuel.  Drew  the  Plan  of  Longwood 
published  in  his  father's  Memorial. 

Luard,  Major  John,  of  the  16th  Light  Dragoons.  He 
published  in  1833  Views  in  India,  St.  Helena,  and 
Car  Nicobar.  Those  of  St.  Helena  are  extremely 
fanciful. 

March  and,  Louis.  An  aquarelle  of  Longwood  House 
and  the  gardens  was  painted  by  Marchand  in  1820, 
and  published  in  London  in  1822. 

Marryat,  Captain  Frederick.  In  command  of  the 
Beaver  sloop  in  1821  on  the  St.  Helena  Station. 
Marryat  is  prominent  among  the  artists  of  St.  Helena 
on  account  of  having  sketched  the  well-known 
portrait  of  Napoleon  fourteen  hours  after  death,  and 
before  he  was  dressed  in  uniform.     Many  so-called 

164 


THE   ARTISTS   IN   ST.   HELENA 

originals  of  this  portrait  are  in  existence,  all  executed 
by  Marryat,  and  it  is  difficult,  or  impossible,  to  say 
which  was  the  one  sketched  in  the  death-chamber  of 
the  Emperor.  He  also  made  drawings  of  the  Tomb, 
the  Funeral,  and  a  view  of  St.  Helena  from  the 
Roads. 

Monkhouse,  J.  In  Sainsbury's  Catalogue  a  coloured 
portrait  of  Napoleon  in  nankeen  dress  and  broad- 
brimmed  hat  in  his  hand  is  described  as  being  "  taken 
by  Mr  Monkhouse  on  March  10th,  1821,  as  he  was 
standing  in  the  Mountain  Shrubbery,  the  last  time 
the  Emperor  ever  attempted  to  visit  his  garden." 
This  is  probably  the  last  sketch  of  Napoleon  made 
during  life,  and  appears  as  the  frontispiece  to  the 
book  of  Monkhouse. 

Montholon,  Count.  He  drew  an  excellent  plan  of  the 
gardens  around  Longwood. 

Phelps,  Captain  H.  J.,  of  the  80th  Foot  Regiment. 
He  made  a  drawing  of  Longwood  in  June,  1817,  on 
his  way  to  England  from  India.  This  was  engraved 
by  Fry,  and  published  by  J.  Jenkins  on  September 
20th,  1817.  Phelps  was  received  by  Napoleon  on 
June  14th,  1817. 

Pocock,  Lieutenant  W.  Innes,  r.n.  He  executed  five 
water-colour  drawings  of  views  in  St.  Helena. 
These  were  engraved  in  coloured  aquatint  by  T. 
Sutherland  and  published  in  1815  in  an  oblong 
folio.  Another  edition  appeared  in  1845,  both  under 
the  title,  Five  Views  of  St.  Helena  taken  on  the  Spot. 

Read,  Lieutenant  R.  P.,  r.n.  Author  of  the  well- 
known  map  of  St.  Helena.  The  first  edition  of  this 
map,  engraved  by  R.  Kirkwood,  was  published  by 

165 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Burgess  and  Barfoot  in  October,  1815,  and  before 
the  arrival  of  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena.  In  this 
edition  Plantation  House  is  indicated  as  "the 
residence  of  Bonaparte,"  but  in  subsequent  editions 
the  error  is  rectified,  and  Longwood  substituted. 
Although  it  is  inaccurate  in  many  respects,  it  is 
valuable  to  the  student,  for  it  gives  the  names  of  the 
owners  of  all  the  houses  appearing  on  the  map. 

Rubidge,  J.  William.  A  portrait  painter.  He  was  in 
St.  Helena  at  the  time  of  Napoleon's  death,  and  is 
the  only  professional  artist  who  painted  Napoleon 
while  in  captivity.  His  famous  portrait  of  Napoleon, 
when  dead  and  dressed  in  uniform,  was  engraved  by 
H.  Meyer,  and  published  in  August,  1821,  by  Colnaghi. 
A  vignette  of  the  Tomb  appeared  at  the  foot  of  the 
print,  and  the  title  Napoleon  ut  in  Morte  recumbit. 
Rubidge  also  took  a  mould  of  the  features  of  the 
Emperor,  and  this  is  fully  described  in  Mr  Watson's 
book,  The  Story  of  Napoleon's  Death  Mask  (John 
Lane.     1915). 

Salt,  Henry.  Painted  twenty-four  views  in  St.  Helena, 
India,  etc.,  which  were  engraved  in  coloured  aquatint 
by  R.  Havell,  D.  Havell,  J.  Black,  and  J.  Hill,  and 
published  in  folio  in  1809.  Another  edition  appeared 
in  1822.  One  only  of  the  series,  viz.  Sandy  Bay, 
relates  to  St.  Helena. 

Shortt,  Mrs  Henrietta.  Wife  of  Dr  Shortt,  and  resident 
in  St.  Helena,  1820-1821.  She  painted  two  views  in 
the  Island,  but  they  have  never  been  published. 

Stewart,  Major  Ludovic,  of  the  24th  Foot  Regiment. 
He  called  at  St.  Helena  with  his  wife  in  1815,  on  his 
way  home  from  India  in  the  Bombay,  and  painted  a 

166 


THE   ARTISTS   IN   ST.   HELENA 

view  of  "The  Briars"  which  was  engraved  and 
published.  Stewart  and  his  wife  stayed  with  the 
Balcombes  at  "The  Briars,"  and  Napoleon  at  that 
time  occupied  the  pavilion  in  the  garden. 

Tobin,  Captain,  r.n.  Published  views  in  St.  Helena  in 
1815. 

Vidal,  Emmeric  Essex.  Secretary  to  Rear-Admiral 
Lambert  on  board  H.M.S.  Vigo  on  the  St.  Helena 
Station  from  July  14th,  1820,  to  September  11th, 
1821.  Of  all  the  amateur  artists  connected  with  the 
captivity,  Vidal  was  by  far  the  most  capable,  and 
the  work  he  has  left  behind  him  is  of  considerable 
merit.  In  all  probability  but  one  of  his  works  of 
St.  Helena  has  been  engraved,  and  it  is  only  recently 
that  his  water-colour  drawings  and  pencil  sketches 
have  come  to  light.  Vidal's  sketch-book  was  sold 
at  the  Broadley  sale  and  realised  £145.  It  con- 
tained two  sketches  of  Longwood,  an  unfinished 
sketch  of  the  Tomb,  three  water-colour  drawings 
of  Longwood,  and  one  of  the  head  of  James'  Valley. 
An  excellent  water-colour  drawing  of  the  Tomb  is  in 
the  possession  of  Mrs  Lewis,  and  has  been  reproduced 
in  Norwood  Young's  Napoleon  in  Earile,  while  a  view 
of  St.  Helena  from  the  Sea  is  in  the  collection  of 
Dr  Silk.  Mr  Brewis  has  also  in  his  possession  a 
water-colour  sketch  by  Vidal  of  Sandy  Bay  from 
"Alarm  House,"  dedicated  to  Admiral  Lambert. 
Quite  recently  seven  finished  water-colour  drawings 
of  views  in  St.  Helena  by  Vidal  have  come  into 
the  possession  of  the  writer.  They  comprise:  the 
Funeral  Procession,  Longwood  New  House,  Planta- 
tion House,  Mount  Pleasant,  High  Peak,  Jamestown 

167 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

from  the  Sea,  and  a  view  of  Longwood  from  the 
Guard  House.  They  are  all  signed  by  Vidal,  and 
on  the  back  of  each  is  the  date  1821,  and  the 
inscription  in  Vidal's  handwriting :  "  Drawn  for  Rear- 
Admiral  Lambert  by  his  obliged  and  faithful  servant, 
E.  E.  Vidal."  Apparently  the  series  contained  ten 
paintings,  but  Nos.  1,  5,  and  7  are  wanting.  The 
size  of  each  is  17  inches  by  10  inches.  Besides  the 
water-colour  drawings  of  views  in  St.  Helena,  Vidal 
executed  paintings  in  South  America,  which  were 
engraved  in  coloured  aquatint  by  T.  Sutherland, 
D.  Havell,  G.  Maile,  and  J.  Bluck,  and  published 
under  the  title,  Picturesque  Illustrations  of  Buenos 
Ayres  and  Monte  Video. 

Ward,  John.  Ensign  in  the  66th  Foot  Regiment.  Ward 
made  a  sketch  of  Napoleon  on  his  death-bed,  and 
after  he  was  dressed  in  uniform.  He  apparently 
was  in  the  habit  of  copying  his  original  portrait,  for 
several  examples  exist  in  various  books  owned  by 
Ward  concerning  St.  Helena.  One  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Alfred  Brewis,  Esq.,  and  another  belongs  to 
Dr  Silk.  Ward  also  moulded  in  plaster  a  medallion 
of  the  head  of  Napoleon  after  Pistrucci. 

Wathen,  James.  With  the  exception  of  Rubidge  the 
only  professional  artist  who  painted  in  St.  Helena 
during  the  captivity.  A  series  of  twelve  views 
drawn  by  Wathen  were  engraved  by  J.  Clark  in 
coloured  aquatint,  and  published  in  1821. 

Welsh,  George.     A  lieutenant  on  board  the  Vigo.     He 

made  a  sketch  of  Napoleon  on  his  death- bed,  and 

after  he  was  dressed  in  uniform.     This  was  engraved 

in  1822,  and  republished  in  The  Graphic  of  September 

9th,  1911. 

168 


ukut.  r.  h.  rkarhox 


See  page  11S. 


THE   ARTISTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 

In  addition  to  the  above,  three  portraits  of  Napoleon 
in  St.  Helena  are  in  existence,  the  artists  of  which  have 
not  been  identified.  One  was  published  in  1816,  another 
is  dated  March  6th,  1821,  and  the  third  is  the  well-known 
one  of  Napoleon  in  broad-brimmed  hat  and  nankeen  dress, 
entitled  The  Exile:  A  Sketch  from  Life  at  Longwood, 
April,  1820. 

In  the  above  list,  the  series  of  views  by  Stack,  Masselin, 
and  Mellis  have  not  been  included,  for  they  were  executed 
after  the  captivity,  and  it  has  been  thought  better  to 
confine  the  list  to  a  time  nearer  to  that  of  the  detention 
of  Napoleon. 

For  those  who  may  be  engaged  in  collecting  portraits, 
views,  etc.,  or  who  may  be  contemplating  the  "extra- 
illustration"  of  some  book  connected  with  the  captivity 
of  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena,  the  following  list  is  given, 
which  is  not,  however,  complete : — 

Amherst,  William  Pitt,  Earl.    W.L.  standing,  in  uniform 
of  Col.  of  Volunteers.     Mezz.  (25 J  x  16 J),  engraved 
by  Dunkarton,  after  A.  W.  Davis. 
W.L.  standing  in  Robes.     Mezz.  (24jxl5),  engraved 

by  C.  Turner,  after  T*  Lawrence. 
Same  picture,  but   H.L.     Stipple  (4^x3 J),  engraved 
by  S.  Freeman. 

Antommarchi,  Francesco.  His  portrait  appears  in 
Steuben's  picture  of  the  Death  Scene. 

Archambaud,  Achille.  His  portrait  appears  also  in  the 
Death  Scene  by  Steuben. 

Arnott,  Archibald.  His  portrait,  reproduced  from  an 
oil-painting  in  the  possession  of  his  family,  will  be 
found  in  A  St.  Helena  Who's  Wfio. 

169 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Balcombe,  William.  His  portrait  is  reproduced  in  A 
St.  Helena  Who's  Who. 

Balcombe,  Mrs.  Also  reproduced  in  A  St.  Helena 
Who's  Who. 

Balcombe,  Betsy.  Her  portrait  will  be  found  in  the 
1844  edition  of  her  Recollections,  and  also  in  The 
Drama  of  St.  Helena,  by  Paul  Fre'meaux. 

Bathurst,  Henry,  3rd  Earl.  H.L.,  vignette,  plate  to 
Contemporary  Portraits,  pubd.  Cadell  &  Davis,  1810. 
Stipple  (7|x6f)  engraved  by  H.  Meyer  after 
T.  Phillips.  Reproduced  in  Norwood  Young's 
Napoleon  in  Exile,  Gonnard's  The  Exile  of  St. 
Helena,  and  Lees  Knowles'  The  Letters  of  Engelbert 
Lutyens. 

Baxter,  Alexander.  His  portrait  appears  in  A  St. 
Helena  Who's  Who,  reproduced  from  a  water-colour 
drawing  by  Dighton  in  the  possession  of  Dr  Silk. 

These  are  all  to  be  found  in 
Steuben's  picture  of  the  Death 
Scene.  Bertrand  and  his  wife 
are  also  reproduced  in  Lees 
Knowles'  Letters  of  Engelbert 
Lutyens,  Masson's  Napoleon  a 
Ste.  Helene,  Edition  de  luxe,  and 
many  others. 
Bingham,  Sir  Geo.   Ridout,    W.L.  in  uniform  of  the 

Rifle    Brigade.     Pubd.   B.   Ibbotson,   1835.     Mezz. 

(24x15),    engraved    by    W.    Ward    after   H.    W. 

Pickersgill.      Reproduced     in     Norwood     Young's 

Napoleon  in  Exile. 

Boys,  Rev.   Richard.      Reproduced    in  A   St.  Helena 

170 


Bertrand,  Count. 
Madame. 
Napoleon. 
Henri. 
Hortense. 
Arthur. 


THE   ARTISTS   IN   ST.    HELENA 

Who's  Who,  and  Watson's  The  Story  of  Napoleons 
Death  Mask. 

Brooke,  Thos.  Henry.     Reproduced  in  The  Sphere. 

Burton,  Francis.  Reproduced  in  A  St.  Helena  Who's 
Who,  and  in  Watson's  Story  of  Napoleon's  Death 
Mask. 

Chandelier.  I  Portraits   of  these    appear   in    Steuben's 
Coursot.         J     Death  Scene. 

Cockburn,  Sir  George.  W.L.  Mezz.  (26£xl6f),  en- 
graved by  W.  Say  after  W.  Beechey. 

W.L.  Mezz.  (22jxl4j),  engraved  by  C.  Turner 
after  W.  J.  Halls. 

H.L.  Mezz.  (3£x4&),  engraved  by  C.  Turner.  Re- 
produced in  Norwood  Young's  Napoleon  in  Exile, 
and  many  other  books. 

Crokat,  Captain  William.  His  portrait  appears  in 
A  St.  Helena  Who's  Who,  and  Lees  Knowles'  The 
Letters  of  Engelbert  Lutyens. 

Croker,  John  Wilson.     H.L.     Mezz.  (11x9),  engraved 
by  S.  Cousins  after  T.  Lawrence. 
H.L.     Stipple   (9x7 J),  engraved  by  V.  Finden  after 
T.  Lawrence,  and  several  others. 

Ellis,  Sir  Henry.    H.L.    Lith.  engraved  by  H.  Corbould. 

Gorrequer,  Major  Gideon.  Reproduced  in  A  St. 
Helena  Who's  Who,  and  in  Norwood  Young's 
Napoleon  in  Exile. 

Goulburn,  Henry.  Stipple  (16x11),  engraved  by  R.  A. 
Arlett  after  G.  Richmond. 

Gourgaud,  General.  Reproduced  in  most  books  con- 
nected with  the  captivity. 

171 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Hall,    Captain    Basil.      H.L.    Line,    engraved    by    J. 
Swaine. 

Hall,  Mary.     Appears  as  Madame  St.  Denis  in  Steuben's 
Picture. 

Henry,  Walter.   Reproduced  in  A  St.  Helena  Who's  Who. 

Hobhouse,  Jno.  Cam.     Lith.  by  Gourgain. 
Mezz.  engraved  by  C.  Turner  after  J.  Lonsdale. 
Stipple,  engraved  by  J.  Hopwood  after  A.  Wivell. 

Hodson,  Major.  1  They  appear  in  A  St.  Helena   Who's 
Mrs.     J      Who. 

Holland,  3rd  Lord.     H.L.     Stipple,  engraved  by  H. 

Robinson  after  Leslie. 
W.L.     Mezz.    engraved    by    S.    W.    Reynolds    after 

J.  R.  Smith. 
H.Li     Stipple,  engraved    by   J.    Thomson    after   A. 

Wivell. 

Holland,  Lady.     W.L.    Line,  engraved  by  C.  H.  Jeens 
after  R.  Fagan. 

Hook,  Theodore.     H,L.    Lith.  engraved  by  A.  D'Orsay. 
H.L.     Line,  engraved  by  W.  Greatbach  after  E.  U. 
Eddis. 

Ibbetson,  Denzil.     Reproduced  in  Broadley's  article  in 
The  Century  Magazine  for  April,  1912. 

Jackson,  Basil.     Reproduced  in  his  Reminiscences  of  a 
Staff  Officer. 

Keith,  Lord.     H.L.     Stipple,  engraved  by  Ridley  after 
M.  Brown. 
H.L.    Stipple,  engraved  by  W.  Holl  after  J.  Hoppner. 
H.L.    Stipple,  engraved  by  H.  Meyer  after  G.  Saunders. 

172 


THE  ARTISTS   IN   ST.   HELENA 

H,L.    Line,   engraved    by    P.    Audinet  after   H.   P. 
Danloux. 

fTheir  portraits  are  reproduced  in 
Las  Cases,  Count         I     many  books  connected  with  the 

„  Emanuel  .•  •. 

"  I     captivity. 

Liverpool,  Lord.     H.L.     Mezz.  engraved  by  H.  Meyer 
after  J.  Hoppner. 
H.L.     Mezz.  engraved  by  C.  Turner. 
H.L.     Stipple,    engraved    by    W.    T.    Fry    after    T. 
Lawrence 

Lofft,  Capel.     H.L.     Stipple,  engraved  by  W.  Ridley 
after  Holloway. 
W.L.    Aquatint,  Anon.     Also  reproduced  in  Watson's 
Polish  Exile. 

Lowe,  Sir  Hudson.  Most  books  connected  with  the 
captivity  contain  a  portrait  of  Lowe  taken  from 
a  pencil  sketch  by  A.  Wivell. 

Lutyens,  Engelbert.  Reproduced  in  Lees  Knowles' 
Letters  of  Engelbert  Lutyens. 

Maceroni,  Colonel.     Reproduced  in  his  Memoirs. 

Maitland,  Captain  F.  L.  H.L.  Mezz.  engraved  by 
H.  Meyer  after  Woodford.  Also  reproduced  in 
Norwood  Young's  Napoleon  in  Exile. 

Malcolm,  Sir  Pulteney.  H.L.  Mezz.  engraved  by 
W.  Ward  after  S.  Lane.  Also  reproduced  in 
Norwood  Young's  book. 

Marchand,  Louis.  Reproduced  in  Cahuet's  Apres  la 
Mort  de  L'Empereur.     Also  in  Steuben's  picture. 

173 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Marryat,    Captain    F.     W.L.    Stipple    engraved    by 
H.  Cook  after  W.  Behnes. 
W.L.     Lith.  engraved  by  A.  D'Orsay. 
W.L.     Line,  Anon. 

Maxwell,  Captain  Murray.  His  portrait  is  in  The 
Voyage  of  the  "  Alceste"  J.  M'Leod. 

Melville,  2nd  Lord.  T.Q.L.  Mezz.  engraved  by  C. 
Turner  after  T.  Lawrence.  Stipple,  engraved  by 
G.  Parker  after  T.  Lawrence. 

Meynell,  Captain  F.  Reproduced  in  his  Conversations 
with  Napoleon. 

Montholon,  Count.  Reproduced  in  most  books  con- 
nected with  the  captivity. 

Montholon,  Madame.  Reproduced  in  Masson's  Na- 
poleon a  Ste.  Helene,  and  in  Lees  Knowles'  Letters 
of  Engelbert  Lutye?is. 

Napoleon.  W.L.  Mezz.  engraved  by  C.  Turner  after 
Eastlake. 

Noverraz,      1  They  appear  in  Steuben's  picture 

—         Madame./     of  the  Death  Scene. 

O'Meara,  Barry.  Reproduced  in  The  Century  Magazine 
for  February,  1900,  and  in  Norwood  Young's  book. 

Pierron>     Appears  in  the  Death  Scene  by  Steuben. 

Piontkowski.  Reproduced  in  Watson's  A  Polish  Exile 
with  Napoleon. 

Plampin,  Admiral  Robert.  Reproduced  in  A  St.  Helena 
Who's  Who. 

Raffles,  Sir  Stamford.  Bust.  Mezz.  engraved  by  S. 
Cousins  after  Chantrey.  H.L.  Stipple  engraved  by 
Thomson. 

174 


THE  ARTISTS   IN  ST.   HELENA 

Reade,  Sir  Thomas  \  Thege  are  duced    m  A    &. 

Reardon,  Lt.  R.  H.        Hgkna  who,s  mo 
Ross,  Captain.  J 

Rous,  Admiral  H.  J.     H.L.     Lith.  engraved  A.  D'Orsay. 

Santini,  Noel.  Reproduced  in  A.  Cahuet's  Apres  la 
Mort  de  L'Empereur. 

St.  Denis.     Appears  in  Steuben's  picture. 

Shortt,  Dr  Thomas.  Reproduced  in  A  St.  Helena 
Who's  Who. 

Skelton,  Mrs.    Reproduced  in  A  St.  Helena  Who's  Who. 

Spencer,  Captain  C.  R.  T.Q.L.  Lith.  engraved  by 
M.  Gauci  after  T.  Phillips. 

Stokoe,  John.  Reproduced  in  The  Drama  of  St.  Helena, 
by  Fre'meaux,  and  in  Vn  Medecin  de  UEmpereu?\ 

Ussher,  Admiral.  Reproduced  in  Napoleon's  Last 
Voyages. 

Verling,  Dr  James.  Reproduced  in  Thomas  Shortt,  and 
A  St.  Helena  Who's  Who. 

Vignali,  Abbe'  Ange.  His  portrait  appears  in  Steuben's 
picture. 

Wilks,  Colonel  Mark.  An  engraved  portrait  is  in 
existence,  and  this  has  been  reproduced  in  A  St. 
Helena  Who's  Who. 

Wilks,  Miss  Laura.  Her  portrait  by  Lawrence  is  repro- 
duced in  A  St.  Helena  Who's  Who. 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert.     T.Q.L.     Mezz.  engraved  by  W. 
Ward  after  H.  Pickersgill.     H.L.    Stipple  engraved 
by  W.  Holl  after  R.  Cosway. 

175 


SIR  HUDSON  LOWE  AND  THE  EAST 
INDIA  COMPANY 

Nearly  all  writers,  when  considering  the  question  of  the 
suitability  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  for  the  difficult  position 
of  Governor  of  St.  Helena  during  the  captivity  of 
Napoleon,  have  based  their  estimates  on  his  relation- 
ship to  his  great  captive,  and  on  the  way  in  which  he 
discharged  the  duty  entrusted  to  him  by  the  British 
Government,  of  guarding  his  prisoner.  No  one,  however, 
so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  has  included  in  his  investiga- 
tions the  opinions  formed  by  the  Directors  of  the 
Honourable  East  India  Company  concerning  the  way 
in  which  their  Governor,  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  discharged 
the  civil  and  business  functions  connected  with  his 
office. 

This  omission  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  not 
commonly  known  that  although  the  British  Government 
took  over  the  Island  of  St.  Helena  in  1815,  and  nominated 
Sir  Hudson  Lowe  as  Governor,  the  East  India  Company 
appointed  him,  and  continued  to  be  responsible  for  the 
civil  government  of  the  Island.  Lowe,  therefore,  occupied 
the  dual  position  of  being  answerable  to  the  British 
Government  for  the  safe  custody  of  Napoleon,  and  to 
the  East  India  Company  for  the  civil  administration  of 
the  Island. 

The  whole  question  of  Lowe's  fitness  for  the  post  of 
custodian  of  Napoleon's  person  turns  upon  the  amount 
of  tact  and  suavity  of  temper  he  exhibited  in  that  trying 
situation.     Unfortunately,   it    appears    to    be  inevitable 

176 


THE   EAST   INDIA   COMPANY 

that  political  bias  must  obscure  any  attempt  to  estimate 
the  temperament  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and  it  is  a  relief 
to  turn  to  the  correspondence  between  the  East  India 
Company  and  the  Governor  where  political  partisanship 
plays  no  part.  In  this  correspondence,  which  is  found  in 
volumes  20,236-20,237  of  the  "Lowe  Papers,"  the  Directors 
pass  in  review  and  criticise  the  acts  of  their  subordinates, 
the  Governor  and  Council  of  St.  Helena.  For  a  time 
it  appears  that  this  correspondence  was  conducted  on 
both  sides  with  good  temper,  and  in  the  main  the 
Directors  approved  of  the  way  in  which  Lowe  ad- 
ministered the  civil  affairs  of  the  Island,  but  it  is  evident 
that  Sir  Hudson  was  somewhat  intolerant  of  criticism 
passed  by  the  Directors  on  his  action.  In  1819  Lowe 
suspended  Thomas  Breame,  the  Company's  farmer,  on 
account  of  irregularities  found  in  his  accounts,  although, 
after  an  exhaustive  inquiry,  guilt  could  not  be  established. 
He  also  proposed  to  give  Major  Hodson  the  command 
of  the  St.  Helena  Artillery,  instead  of  Major  Pritchard. 
These  actions  met  with  the  pronounced  disapprobation 
of  the  Directors,  and  after  receiving  a  letter  in  which 
Lowe  resented  the  attitude  taken  up  by  them,  the 
Directors  addressed  to  him  the  following  long  and  tren- 
chant letter  marked  "  Secret  and  Confidential."  In  this 
letter  they  state  in  the  plainest  manner  their  strong 
objection  to  the  way  in  which  he  has  conducted  their 
affairs  in  several  respects,  and  particularly  to  the  tone 
in  which  he,  their  servant,  has  seen  fit  to  address 
them. 

If  this  letter  be  a  true  statement  of  the  position,  it  is 
plain  that  Lowe  did  not  gain  the  approval  of  the  East 
India  Company,  and  as  a  Governor  was  not  altogether  a 
success. 

m  177 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

The  letter  is  as  follows : — 

Secret  and  Confidential 
To  Lieutenant  General  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  K.C.B. 

Sir, 

In  the  perusal  of  the  letters  from  St.  Helena  dated 
in  the  last  year,  it  has  been  impossible  for  us  to  pass 
unnoticed  the  Tone  and  Stile  in  which  you  have  been 
betrayed  not  only  in  the  Letters  coming  immediately 
from  yourself  but  occasionally  also  in  the  Despatches 
from  the  Governor  and  Council. 

Although  we  are  persuaded  that  you  were  not  in- 
fluenced by  intentional  disrespect  to  the  Court  in  what 
we  have  here  alluded  to,  we  are  confident  that  on  deliber- 
ately reflecting  upon  the  exceptionable  matters  which  we 
are  about  to  point  out  you  will  acknowledge  that  they 
are  liable  to  such  construction,  and  will  not  fail  to  admit 
their  impropriety  considering  the  relative  situation  in 
which  you  stand  to  the  Court. 

You  appear  to  entertain  an  Idea  that  because,  in  the 
exercise  of  that  authority  which  we  possess  by  legislative 
enactments,  we  have  differed  from  you  in  opinion  upon 
some  parts  of  your  Proceedings,  we  have  therefore  with- 
held or  withdrawn  Our  support  from  your  Government, 
but  this  conclusion  is  by  no  means  warranted  by  the 
Orders  we  have  given  on  certain  points  when  they 
happened  to  be  in  opposition  to  the  views  you  may  have 
taken,  and  a  moment's  attention  must  convince  you  that 
if  we  were  to  abstain  from  controlling  and  setting  aside 
any  Act  of  our  Governments  abroad  on  account  of  the 
mistaken  construction  which  may  be  given  to  our  Orders, 
there  is  at  once  an  end  of  our  Authority  and  the  situation 

178 


THE   EAST   INDIA   COMPANY 

of  the  Governors  and  Governed  would  virtually  be 
removed. 

We  can  find  nothing  in  reperusal  of  our  orders  of 
22nd  December  1819,  upon  the  subject  of  Mr  Breame's 
removal  from  the  management  of  the  Company's  Farms, 
which  will  justify  the  frequent  repetition  in  your  Letter 
of  the  30th  March  1820  of  the  words  "Censure  and 
Reproach"  applied  to  them.  It  is  true,  we  expressed 
disapprobation  of  your  Proceedings,  but  certainly  not  in 
terms  liable  to  such  a  construction,  nor  can  we  forbear 
to  notice  that  your  Remark  in  the  4th  Paragraph,  "  that 
you  have  experienced  your  Efforts  to  place  things  on  a 
better  footing  relative  to  the  Farms  to  have  been  un- 
thankful," is  neither  consistent  with  Propriety  or  Respect : 
When  we  see  reason  to  differ  from  the  opinions  com- 
municated to  us  by  our  Servants,  and  signify  our  Dis- 
approbation of  their  measures,  it  is  not  a  necessary 
consequence  that  we  either  intend  Censure  or  Reproach, 
or  that  we  view  their  conduct  in  an  unthankful  light: 
All  are  liable  to  Err  in  Judgement,  and  we  are  always 
inclined  to  attribute  to  this  cause,  measures  from  which 
we  see  reason  to  withhold  our  Sanction. 

We  cannot  accede  to  the  16th  and  17th  Paragraphs 
of  your  Letter,  in  which  you  submit  that  neither  the 
General  Letters  nor  Minutes  of  Government,  nor  the 
Letter  on  which  we  are  remarking,  may  be  subjected  to 
the  perusal  of  any  former  Governor  except  on  the  con- 
ditions you  have  stated.  We  cannot  suffer  Ourselves  to 
be  thus  dictated  to  as  to  the  manner  in  which  we  may 
chuse  to  seek  for  Information  relative  to  our  affairs  at 
St.  Helena,  or  the  Persons  to  whom  we  may  see  proper 
to  apply,  and  you  are  greatly  in  Error  in  supposing  that 
the   former   Proceedings    respecting    Mr    Breame,   were 

179 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S  WHO 

subjected,  not  only  to  the  perusal  of  Major  General 
Beatson,  but  even  to  the  Rev.  Mr  Boys. 

Equally  unfounded  if  applied  to  any  Proceedings  of 
the  Court  is  the  assertion  in  your  20th  Para.  "That 
you  have  had  the  real  concern  to  observe  a  certain  coun- 
tenance afforded  to  those  very  few  Individuals  on  the 
Island  whose  line  of  proceeding  had  become  in  any  way 
questionable,  as  evincing  a  spirit  of  counteraction  to  your 
authority."  We  have  not  been  actuated  by  any  other 
motives  in  the  decisions  upon  all  Points  referred  to  us 
than  those  of  Justice,  and  Propriety.  Nor  can  we  admit 
that  any  part  of  our  Orders  are  justly  liable  to  the  Im- 
putation here  cast  upon  them. 

As  to  the  remarks  contained  in  your  22nd  para, 
we  have  no  hesitation  in  assuring  you  that  our  opinions 
and  Judgement  upon  all  measures  of  your  Government 
have  been  formed  from  the  Official  Documents  and 
Records,  uninfluenced  by  the  eoo-parte  opinions  or  advice 
of  any  Person  whatever.  Should  we  think  proper  to 
ask  for  such  opinion  or  advice,  still  our  decision  will  at 
all  times  be  guided  by  a  full  and  impartial  considera- 
tion of  the  whole  that  has  passed  upon  the  subject 
before  us. 

On  the  occasion  in  question,  no  such  opinion  or  advice 
was  called  for ;  that  you  should  have  entertained  the  most 
distant  idea  to  the  contrary,  surprises  us,  and  we  can  by 
no  means  allow  the  assertion  to  the  contrary,  "that 
from  such  a  source,  reproach  has  been  extracted  against 
you,"  to  pass  without  a  positive  contradiction. 

It  is  difficult  to  conceive  in  what  manner  our  Orders 
relative  to  Mr  Breame  can  be  said  to  form  a  hurtful 
example,  as  you  have  stated  in  the  24th  Para.  It  is  at  all 
times  our  desire  to  uphold  and  maintain  due  respect  to 

180 


CAPTAIN  C.   B.   H.    ROSS 


See  page  121. 


THE   EAST   INDIA   COMPANY 

the  constituted  Authorities,  and  we  have  given  a  striking 
Example  of  this  as  it  regards  St.  Helena,  in  the  separate 
despatch  of  the  29th  November  last,  relative  to  the  conduct 
of  the  Civil  Servants  there.  In  the  same  despatch  we  have 
adverted  to  the  right  we  possess  of  animadverting  on  all 
the  Proceedings  of  your  Government,  and  this  right  we 
cannot  allow  to  be  disputed  or  called  in  question  on  the 
ill-grounded  apprehension  that  Our  Orders  may  prove 
of  hurtful  example.  Were  we  to  suffer  Ourselves  to  be 
influenced  by  considerations  of  this  nature,  it  would  follow 
as  an  inevitable  consequence,  that  we  must  acquiesce  in 
every  Proceeding  of  Our  several  Governments  whether 
we  approved  or  disapproved  thereof,  and  thus  as  be- 
fore observed,  Our  Authority  and  controul  would  be 
abrogated. 

We  think  it  unnecessary  to  say  much  on  the  Postscript 
of  your  Letter.  We  cannot  condescend  to  notice  the 
injudicious  observations  of  indiscreet  individuals,  the  only 
remark  we  shall  make  is,  that  neither  to  Mr  Boys,  nor  to 
any  other  Individual  was  any  communication  made  by 
the  sanction  of  the  Court,  of  the  orders  given  respecting 
Mr  Breame. 

Such  are  the  observations  which  have  occured  to  us 
upon  those  parts  of  your  letter  of  30th  March,  1820, 
the  style  and  tone  of  which  have  appeared  exceptionable. 
We  proceed  to  notice  some  passages  in  the  Letter  from 
the  Governor  and  Council  which  are  equally  so. 

In  the  24th  paragraph  of  the  Letter  of  30th  September, 
1820,  upon  Our  Orders  relative  to  the  Agreement  with 
Mr  Fernandez,  an  observation  is  made  of  the  severity  of 
the  after  judgement  of  the  Court.  We  have  examined 
those  Orders,  but  can  find  nothing  therein  to  justify 
the  remark;  there  is  not  the  most  distant  approach  to 

181 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

severity  in  the  words  of  the  Paragraph  quoted  in  the 
Margin.1 

The  Terms  of  the  observations  which  you  have  made 
in  Paragraphs  87  to  94  of  the  Letter  from  the  Governor 
and  Council  of  the  30th  September  1820  upon  Our 
Orders  respecting  the  Appointment  of  Major  Hodson 
to  the  Command  of  the  Artillery,  are  also  inapplicable 
to  those  Orders  ;  they  do  not,  as  you  have  implied,  convey 
censure  with  harshness.  They  state  Our  opinion  that  the 
Proceeding  was  irregular,  and  it  is  only  necessary  to 
refer  you  to  the  Orders  of  23rd  December  1800,  in  proof 
that  it  was  so.  There  does  not  appear  to  us  upon  full 
reconsideration  to  have  been  any  necessity  for  the  Appoint- 
ment, for  you  were  not  in  possession  of  any  positive 
information  of  the  intended  retirement  of  Major  Kinnaird, 
who  was  in  fact  on  his  return  to  the  Island  at  the  very 
time,  and  if  it  were  otherwise,  Major  Pritchard  might 
have  been  placed  in  the  temporary  Command  of  the 
Artillery  Corps,  until  Our  pleasure  was  known,  for  the 
frequent  Testimonials  in  his  favour  from  the  Governor 
and  Council  appear  to  entitle  him  to  that  Distinction. 
Our  Orders  of  the  23rd  December  1800,  which  you 
observe  you  had  not  seen,  ought  to  have  been  placed 
before  you,  and  although  in  Para.  90,  you  state  that  you 
had,  for  your  guidance,  Our  more  recent  orders  which 
left  you  a  Discretion  in  amalgamating  the  Two  Corps 
together,  you  seem  to  have  forgotten  that  you  had 
suggested  to  us  certain  Points  relative  to  this  subject 
upon  which  our  directions  had  not  been  received.     Under 

1  Court's  letter  to  St.  Helena,  dated  22nd  December  1819,  Para.  13.  "  We 
consider  the  engagement  entered  into  with  Oapt.  Fernandez  to  have 
been  at  least  unnecessary,  for  we  have  no  doubt  the  Commander  of  the 
St.  Helena  Schooner  would  have  performed  all  that  was  required  of 
Mr  Fernandez  with  more  success  and  much  less  expence." 

182 


THE   EAST   INDIA   COMPANY 

all  these  Circumstances  we  could  do  no  otherwise  than 
express  Our  disapprobation  of  the  measure. 

The  Injury  to  Major  Pritchard  consisted  in  his 
temporary  Supercession  in  the  Corps  of  Artillery  by  the 
nomination  of  Major  Hodson  to  the  Command  of  it. 
You  are  too  well  acquainted  with  the  feelings  of  Military 
Men  not  to  know  that  they  must  consider  any  measure 
of  the  kind  as  a  mark  of  Degradation  especially  when  our 
orders  were  positive  against  such  a  proceeding,  and  when 
the  character  and  good  conduct  of  the  next  in  succession 
had  received  the  strong  Testimonials  of  the  several 
Governments  under  which  he  had  served  for  a  period 
of  nearly  20  years. 

The  next  point  to  which  we  shall  advert,  is  the 
observations  made  in  the  111th  and  following  Paragraph 
of  the  Letter  from  the  Governor  and  Council  of  the  30th 
September  last,  in  which  objections  are  stated  to  the  123rd 
Para,  of  our  Letter  of  the  22nd,  1819,  wherein  we  re- 
marked "  that  we  could  not  discover  the  slightest  ground 
for  any  charge  of  a  Criminal  nature  against  Mr  Breame 
which  has  been  more  than  insinuated  at  different  times," 
and  We  quote  the  following  part  of  your  111th  Paragraph 
"  The  Governor  desires  to  observe  that  the  manner  in 
which  this  Paragraph  ascribes  an  unfair  and  unjust  course 
of  proceeding  to  the  Governor  and  Council  by  accusing 
them  of  having  insinuated  criminal  conduct  to  Mr  Breame 
without  there  being  the  slightest  ground  for  a  charge  of 
such  a  nature,  does  not  appear  to  be  borne  out  by  any 
particular  expressions  used  in  the  Proceedings  or  Corre- 
spondence of  the  St.  Helena  Government." 

It  were  to  be  wished  that  before  you  hazarded  this 
observation  you  had  looked  back  to  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Council  on  which  the  charges  against  Mr  Breame  are 

183 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

inserted,  for  we  are  confident  you  would  have  therein 
found  ample  cause  to  justify  the  assertion  in  our  Letter 
of  the  22nd  December  1819,  above  refered  to,  we  shall 
here  direct  your  attention  to  some  of  them  : 

On  the  31st  October  1816,  the  minute  of  the  late 
Mr  Leech,  a  Member  of  Council. 

On  30th  December  1816,  the  late  Mr  Porteous's 
Letter  as  to  Sheep  Missing,  and  the  minute  of  the 
Governor  thereon. 

On  the  10th  November  1817,  the  Secretary's  observa- 
tions on  Mr  Breame's  conduct. 

On  the  same  day  Mr  Porteous's  charges  in  general. 

On  the  8th  December  the  observations  of  the  Gover- 
nor and  Council  on  Labour  charges  in  Mr  Breame's 
accounts. 

On  the  same  day  the  Council's  observations  which  as 
it  is  of  itself  sufficient  to  prove  the  correctness  of 
the  Terms  used  by  us,  we  shall  here  quote  at  some 
length. 

"The  object  of  requiring  explanations  from  Mr 
Breame  upon  the  foregoing  points  was  simply  to  ascertain 
whether  he  has  accounted  for  the  whole  of  the  property 
he  has  irregularly  disposed  of  from  the  Company's  farms, 
but  as  he  has  not  adduced  any  sort  of  even  plausible 
testimony  as  to  the  actual  weight  or  value  of  the  several 
animals  alluded  to  (unless  it  be  regarding  the  heifer  to 
the  Governors  Establishment)  the  Governor  and  Council 
are  as  much  in  the  dark  as  they  were  before." 

"  This  obscurity  is  occasioned  by  Mr  Breame's  violations 
of  those  regulations  and  Orders  which  were  framed  for 
the  express  purpose  of  checking  abuses.  Had  such 
violations  been  the  apparent  result  of  heedlessness,  highly 
culpable  as  he  might  be  deemed,  yet  suspicions  of  any  thing 

184 


THE   EAST   INDIA   COMPANY 

worse  than  heedlessness  would  have  been  very  reluctantly 
admitted." 

"Resolved  Unanimously,  1st,  that  the  determined 
insubordination  of  Mr  Breame  (even  if  no  other  mis- 
conduct were  imputable  to  him)  could  never  be  submitted 
to  by  the  Board." 

"  Resolved  2ndly.  That  Mr  Thomas  Breame,  Senr.,  be 
immediately  removed  from  the  charge  of  the  Company's 
farms,  reserving  further  enquiry  to  ascertain  any  loss 
which  the  Company  may  have  sustained  whilst  the  farms 
were  under  his  management,  and  whether  they  are  of 
such  a  nature  as  to  justify  any  further  proceedings 
against  him." 

If  the  common  and  usual  acceptation  of  words  be 
admitted,  it  is  impossible  to  deny  that  charges  of  a  very 
serious  nature  are  here  at  least  insinuated  against  Mr 
Breame. 

But  if  a  perusal  of  the  foregoing  is  not  enough  to  satisfy 
you  upon  this  point,  we  would  refer  to  the  examinations 
(taken  subsequently  indeed  to  Mr  Breame's  removal)  on 
the  15th  December  1817,  the  whole  tendency  of  which 
was  indisputably  to  fix  criminality  by  the  Governor  and 
Council  that  it  failed  to  produce  the  effect. 

We  shall  pursue  the  subject  no  further.  Enough  has 
been  said,  we  trust,  to  convince  you,  Sir,  upon  a  calm 
and  dispassionate  review  of  all  the  circumstances  to  which 
we  have  here  called  your  attention,  that  the  view  you 
have  taken  of  Our  Orders  is  not  warranted  by  any  fair 
construction  of  them,  and  that  the  Tone  and  Temper 
in  which  you  have  indulged  in  discussing  them  are  as 
unsuitable  to  the  relative  situation  in  which  you  stand 
towards  the  Court,  as  they  would  be  incompatible  with 
a  due  regard  to  the  authority  we  possess,  were  we  to 

185 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

suffer  them  to  pass  without  animadversion.  We  cannot 
suppose  that  you  have  intentionally  shewn  Disrespect  to 
that  Authority  in  the  several  instances  which  we  have 
pointed  out,  and  if  (as  we  cannot  for  a  moment  allow 
ourselves  to  doubt)  you  shall  on  mature  reflection  be  con- 
vinced that  you  have  been  led  into  Error  or  Misconception, 
we  would  gladly  hope,  that  this  unpleasant  Correspondence 
will  here  terminate. 
We  are 
Sir, 

Your  loving  Friends 

(Signed)    T.  Reid. 

Jas.  Pattison. 
Joseph  Cotton. 
Edw.  Parry. 
John  Morris. 
J.  Thornhill. 
John  Inglis. 
R.  C.  Plowden. 
G.  Raikes. 
John  Loch. 
Wm.  Showy. 
J.  Daniell. 
Wm.  Stanley  Clarke. 
London,  the  2nd  May  1821. 
J.  H.  Keith. 

("  Lowe  Papers,"  20,237,  ff.  288-301.) 


186 


THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  CLIMATE  OF  ST. 
HELENA  UPON  THE  LONGEVITY  OF 
THOSE  QUARTERED  THERE 

In  the  following  tables  the  expectation  of  life  has  been 
taken  from  Dr  Farr's  Tables,  published  in  1 844,  in  the 
case  of  British  residents;  and  from  the  Tables  of  the 
"  French  Annuitants  before  1826,"  in  the  case  of  French 
residents. 

Residents  at  Longwood 

bifthTv     EoF?fffceaii0n   Age  at  aKSw 
birthday        of  life  m        ,»..       .,     0^non.a^nn 


vtzunv. 

uirtnuay 
in  1816. 

oi  me  in 
1815. 

death. 

the  expectation 
in  1815. 

Napoleon 

.     46 

23 

52 

-17 

Montholon   . 

.     32 

32 

70 

6 

Bertrand 

.     42 

26 

71 

3 

Las  Cases 

.     49 

21 

76 

6 

Gourgaud 

.     32 

32 

69 

5 

Marchand     . 

.     23 

39 

84 

22 

St.  Denis 

.     27 

36 

68 

5 

NOVERRAZ 

.     25 

87 

59 

-3 

Santini  . 

.     25 

87 

72 

10 

O'Meara 

.     33 

81 

54 

-10 

Las  Cases  (Fils 

)    .     15 

45 

54 

-6 

187 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Residents  in  the  rest  of  the  Island 


Name. 

Age  next 

birthday 

in  1816. 

Expectation 

of  life  in 

1816. 

Age  at 
death. 

Years  lived 
above  or  below 
the  expectation 
in  1816. 

Lowe 

.     46 

22 

74 

6 

Reade    . 

.     31 

32 

64 

1 

GORREQUER 

.     38 

27 

64 

-1 

Emmett  . 

.     29 

33 

85 

23 

Verling 

.     29 

33 

71 

9 

NlCHOLLS 

.     42 

25 

81 

14 

Wynyard 

.     36 

29 

85 

20 

Henry  . 

.     26 

35 

69 

8 

WORTHAM 

.     22 

40 

88 

26 

Baxter  . 

.     39 

27 

64 

-2 

Boys 

.     31 

32 

82 

19 

Bingham 

.     38 

27 

56 

-9 

Plampin 

.     54 

17 

72 

-1 

In  connection  with  longevity  in  St.  Helena  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  Forsyth,  writing  in  1853,  in  the 
Preface  to  his  History  of  the  Captivity  of  Napoleon  says 
that  Colonel  Basil  Jackson  was  almost  the  only  one 
left  of  those  who  were  engaged  in  the  duty  of  guarding 
the  Emperor.  The  following  list  will,  however,  show 
how  far  from  the  truth  this  statement  was : — 


Archibald  Arnott 

.     died  1855 

James  Verling  . 

„     1858 

Walter  Henry  . 

„     1860 

George  Nicholls 

„     1857 

William  Crokat 

„     1879 

Anthony  Emmett    . 

„     1872 

Hale  Young  Wortham 

„     1882 

Col.  Ed.  Wynyard   . 

„     1865 

188 


EFFECT   OF  THE   CLIMATE 


Col.  Ed.  Lascelles    . 

died  1853 

Sir  George  Cockburn 

,     1853 

Rev.  Richard  Boys  . 

,     1867 

Denzil  Ibbetson 

,     1857 

Col.  John  Mansel 

,     1863 

Captain  Younghusband 

,     1853 

Captain  Festing 

,     1862 

Major  Hodson . 

,     1855 

Captain  Meynell 

,     1865 

Dt  Charles  Mitchell . 

,     1856 

Major  Power    . 

,     1851 

189 


ST.   HELENA  MORTALITY  TABLES 

SHOWING  THE  DEATH-RATE  PER  THOUSAND  AMONGST  THE 
INHABITANTS,  THE  ST.  HELENA  REGIMENTS,  AND  THE 
BRITISH    REGIMENTS    STATIONED    THERE 

Contrary  to  what  has  often  been  stated,  statistics  exist 
which  make  it  possible  to  estimate  the  rate  of  mortality 
among  the  inhabitants  in  St.  Helena  from  1821  to  the 
present  time. 

With  regard  to  the  British  regiments  quartered  in 
the  Island  also,  complete  lists  of  all  deaths  taking  place 
amongst  the  troops  are  available  in  the  Monthly  Returns 
in  the  War  Office  Series  in  the  Record  Office,  and  in 
the  St.  Helena  Blue  Books,  from  1815  to  1848.  Even 
before  the  captivity  a  record  of  the  death-rate  in  the 
72nd  Regiment  of  Foot  when  quartered  in  the  Island 
during  the  years  1786,  1787,  and  1788  is  given  in  a  letter 
by  Surgeon  Wood,  and  found  in  the  Record  Office,  CO. 
247,  vol.  18,  where  it  is  stated  that  the  strength  of  the 
regiment  was  1056,  and  the  mortality  37  per  thousand. 

The  question  of  the  healthiness  of  St.  Helena  is  a 
most  important  one,  on  account  of  its  bearing  upon  the 
subject  of  the  suitability  of  the  Island  as  a  residence  for 
Napoleon,  and  for  this  reason  the  following  tables  will 
possibly  be  of  use  to  students  interested  in  the  subject. 

Returns  for  British  Regiments 
From  an  investigation  of  the  Monthly  Returns  in  the 
Record  Office  of  those  regiments  stationed  in  St.  Helena 
during  the  captivity  the  following  results  are  obtained  : — 

190 


ST.   HELENA   MORTALITY  TABLES 

Average  strength  of  all  regiments  .         .         .     1056 
Deaths  during  the  captivity    ....       256 

Deaths  per  annum  ......         42 

Death-rate  per  annum     .         .         .40  per  thousand 

This  death-rate  of  40  per  thousand  may  be  compared 
with  the  average  death-rate  per  annum  amongst  British 
regiments  stationed  in  Great  Britain,  viz.  17  per  thousand, 
and  with  regiments  stationed  in  India,  viz.  85  per 
thousand. 

After  the  death  of  Napoleon,  British  regiments  were 
not  stationed  in  the  Island  until  1836,  when  the  Govern- 
ment finally  took  over  St.  Helena  from  the  East  India 
Company. 

The  following  Table  will  show  the  mortality  amongst 
British  troops : — 


Year. 

1839 

Strength. 
461 

Deaths. 
12 

Mortality  per  1000. 
(approximate) 

26 

1840 

338 

14 

41 

1841 

302 

12 

40 

1842 

277 

11 

39 

1843 

432 

10 

28 

1844 

411 

4 

10 

1845 

427 

3 

7 

1846 

524 

17 

32 

1847 

514 

15 

29 

1848 

444 

5 

11 

Average  413  10  25  (approx.) 

After  the  year  1848  no  detachments  of  British  troops 
were  stationed  in  St.  Helena.  The  St.  Helena  Militia 
guarded  the  Island,  and  therefore  the  mortality  returns 


191 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

do  not  differ  much  from  those  of  the  civil  population. 
For  the  period  of  the  captivity  the  following  are  the 
returns : — 

The  Returns  for  the  St.  Helena  Regiments 


Year. 

Strength. 

Deaths. 

Mortality  per  1000. 

1815 

700 

12 

17 

1816 

700 

16 

23 

1817 

700 

10 

14 

1818 

700 

22 

31 

1819 

700 

14 

20 

1820 

700 

17 

24 

1821 

700 

12 

17 

103 

146 

nal  averages  700 

15 

21  (approx.) 

Returns  for  the  Civil  Population 

There  are  no  reliable  data  on  which  an  estimate  of 
the  death-rate  can  be  based  before  the  year  1821.  After 
that  year  the  Tables  are  almost  complete.  They  give 
the  following  results : — 


Year. 

Population, 
(approximate) 

Deaths. 

Mortality  per  1000. 
(approximate) 

1821 

5800 

90 

15 

1822 

5800 

70 

12 

1823 

5800 

57 

10 

1824 

5800 

96 

16 

1825 

5800 

125 

21 

1826 

5800 

83 

14 

1827 

5800 

99 

17 

1828 

5800 

96 

16 

1829 

5800 

65 
192 

11 

THOMAS  SHOHTT,   M.D. 


See  page  126 


ST. 

HELENA  MORTALITY  TABLES 

Year. 
1830 

Population.          Deaths, 
(approximate) 

5800               68 

Mortality  per  1000. 
(approximate) 

12 

1831 

5800               73 

12 

1832 

5800               89 

15 

1833 

5800               80 

14 

1836 

4977               99 

20 

1839 

4205               62 

15 

1840 

4205               57 

13 

1841 

4205               88 

20 

1842 

4205               88 

20 

1843 

4205                62 

15 

1844 

4205                89 

20 

1845 

4205               75 

17 

1846 

4205                96 

23 

1847 

4205               84 

20 

1848 

4205                95 

23 

1849 

4205              139 

33 

1851 

5008               89 

18 

1852 

5008               79 

16 

1853 

5008               96 

20 

1854 

5008             144 

28 

1855 

5008              139 

27 

1856 

5008              158 

31 

1857 

5008             154 

30 

Averages 


5052 


93 


18 


For  the  decennial  period  1866  - 1875  the  annual 
mortality  per  thousand  was  14,  and  from  this  it  would 
appear  that  the  mortality  improved  as  time  went  on. 
When  it  is  considered  that  over  a  large  number  of  years 
the  average  annual  mortality  of  the  population  does 
not  amount  to  more  than  18  per  thousand,  it  must  be 

193 


N 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

admitted  that  St.  Helena  is  a  healthy  place  for  those  who 
reside  there.  The  average  mortality  per  thousand  among 
the  troops  quartered  in  St.  Helena  during  the  captivity 
was  unusually  high,  viz.  40  per  thousand,  and  even  after 
that  time  it  was  25  per  thousand. 

(References :  "  Monthly  Returns,"  War  Office  Series ; 
"  Colonial  Office  Blue  Books,"  CO.  253,  vols.  1-29, 
Record  Office ;  British  Colonial  Library,  vol.  x., 
by  R.  M.  Martin,  1837;  "St.  Helena  Casualties"; 
"  India  Office  Records.") 


194 


THE  CASE  OF  LIEUTENANT 
R   H.   REARDON 

Lieutenant  Reardon,  of  the  66th  Regiment,  was 
ordered  home  from  St.  Helena  by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  as 
a  result  of  a  military  inquiry  held  by  Sir  George  Bingham, 
the  Commander  of  the  troops,  and  Sir  Thomas  Reade, 
the  Deputy  Adjutant-General,  on  October  20th  and  21st, 
1818. 

The  charges  dealt  with  in  this  inquiry  were:  (1) 
That  Reardon  had  held  a  conversation  with  the  Count 
and  Countess  Bertrand  on  October  13th,  1818,  touching 
the  removal  of  O'Meara  from  Longwood,  which  event 
had  taken  place  on  July  25th,  1818.  In  this  conversa- 
tion, which  occurred  at  Mason's  Stock  House  (a  guard- 
house near  Longwood  in  which  Reardon  resided),  the 
Bertrands  had  passed  severe  strictures  on  the  conduct 
of  the  Governor  towards  O'Meara.  (2)  That  Reardon 
had  shown  to  others  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  O'Meara, 
under  date  June  20th,  1818,  addressed  to  Colonel 
Lascelles,  in  command  of  the  66th  Regiment,  in  which 
O'Meara  used  insulting  terms  regarding  the  Governor. 
Colonel  Lascelles  had  requested  Reardon,  as  a  friend 
of  O'Meara,  to  inform  him  that,  in  consequence  of  his 
differences  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  and  certain  other 
irregularities,  he  must  discontinue  the  practice  of  dining 
at  the  mess  of  the  66th.  The  letter  in  question,  which 
Reardon  had  shown  to  others,  was  O'Meara's  reply  to 
Colonel  Lascelles. 

These  charges  were  inquired  into,  and  the  following 

105 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

is  the  full  report  of  the  proceedings  drawn  up  by  Sir 
Thomas  Reade,  and  found  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol. 
20,207,  ff.  138-141  :— 

Question  1.  Is  this  your  report  from  Mason's 
Stock  House  ? 

Answer.     Yes. 

Q.  2.  If  you  thought  it  necessary  to  report  the  visit 
of  Count  and  Countess  Bertrand,  why  did  you  not  do  it 
immediately  it  occurred  ? 

A.  It  is  in  the  book  of  orders  that  if  General  Bona- 
parte or  any  of  his  attendants  enter  a  house,  it  is  to  be 
reported,  but  I  did  not  know  that  it  meant  the  house  I 
lived  in.  I  made  no  secret  of  the  visit,  and  I  told  my 
brother  officers  of  it,  who  advised  me  to  report  it. 

Q.  3.  Was  there  any  particular  conversation  which 
took  place  between  yourself  and  the  Count  and  Countess 
Bertrand  ? 

A.  They  talked  to  me  about  my  friend  O'Meara,  as 
they  always  did  when  they  met  me,  and  said  by  this  time 
he  was  in  England,  where  he  would  get  justice  done  for 
the  ill  treatment  he  had  received  in  the  Island.  I  said 
what  he  had  done  here  would  hang  him,  and  that  I 
should  be  ruined  for  being  his  friend.  Madame  Bertrand 
laughed,  and  said  what  he  had  done  would  not  hurt  him, 
and  that  no  ill  would  come  to  me  for  having  been  his  friend. 

Q.  4.  Have  you  ever  heard  that  Count  Bertrand 
had  been  threatened  to  be  horse-whipped  by  Colonel 
Lyster,  and  do  you  consider  him  a  fit  person  for  a  British 
officer  to  associate  with  under  such  circumstances  ? 

A.  I  did  hear  something  about  it,  backwards  and 
forwards  in  Town,  but  I  never  heard  the  right  story, 
and  since  that  villain  O'Meara  has  gone  away  I  have 

196 


CASE   OF   LIEUTENANT   R.   H.   REARDON 

always  avoided  as  much  as  possible  having  anything  to 
say  to  them. 

Q.  4  a.  Did  you  ever  see  the  original  letter  of 
which  this  is  a  copy?  (O'Meara's  letter  to  Colonel 
Lascelles.) 

A.     Colonel  Lascelles  read  me  part  of  it. 

Q.  5.  Did  you  ever  show  this  copy  to  any  one,  and 
to  whom  ? 

A.  I  believe  I  showed  it  to  Captain  Jordan  and 
to  Mr  Mack.  I  did  to  Mr  Davy  in  Town.  I  do  not 
recollect  whether  I  showed  it  to  Dr  Stokoe  or  not,  but  I 
believe  I  might  have  done  so  as  we  had  some  conversation 
about  it.  I  had  some  other  notes  by  me  from  Mr 
O'Meara,  which  contained  some  violent  expressions  about 
the  Governor,  which  lay  amongst  other  papers.  I, 
however,  burnt  them  when  the  last  business  regarding 
Mr  O'Meara  was  found  out. 

Q.  6.  Do  you  know  if  Colonel  Lascelles  showed  the 
letter  to  any  other  officers  ? 

A.     I  do  not  know. 

Q.  7.  Do  you  know  if  Colonel  Lascelles  met  Mr 
O'Meara  at  dinner  anywhere  after  he  had  left  the  66th 
mess? 

A.  I  beg  to  correct  myself  from  what  I  told  Sir 
Thomas  Reade  the  other  day.  I  had  some  conversation 
with  Colonel  Lascelles  this  morning  on  the  subject.  I 
do  not  know  whether  Colonel  Lascelles  dined  with  Mr 
O'Meara  at  Captain  Jordan's,  but  I  know  he  sent  an 
excuse  to  Mr  Mack.  Before  Colonel  Lascelles  wrote 
to  Mr  O'Meara  desiring  him  to  withdraw  from  the  mess, 
I  heard  him  tell  Mr  O'Meara  (near  the  water-tubs)  that 
if  he  withdrew  himself  from  the  mess  quietly,  he  would 
be  happy  to  see  him  as  a  guest  at  any  time. 

197 


A   ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Q.  8.  During  the  time  that  you  were  at  Mason's 
Stock  House  had  you  any  other  visitors  ? 

A.  Yes,  Mr  Mason,  Mr  Wardell,  and  Dr  Stokoe. 
With  the  latter  I  had  some  conversation  about  Mr 
O'Meara,  and  we  both  agreed  it  would  be  very  hard  if  we 
who  had  worked  so  hard  should  lose  our  bread  from  being 
a  friend  of  this  person. 

October  21st,  1818.     Second  day  of  the  inquiry. 

Q.  9.  How  long  were  the  Count  and  Countess  with 
you  on  the  13th  inst.  ? 

A.     To  the  best  of  my  belief  about  half-an-hour. 

Q.  10.  You  replied  yesterday,  that  Count  and 
Countess  Bertrand  when  they  visited  you  talked  about 
your  friend  O'Meara.  You  are  required  to  state  every 
particular  of  what  they  said  respecting  Mr  O'Meara,  in 
short,  the  whole  of  the  conversation  that  passed  betwixt 
you  and  Count  Bertrand,  or  the  Countess  Bertrand,  or 
both  together. 

A.  Lieutenant  Reardon  here  repeated  exactly  what 
he  said  yesterday,  and  added,  "  Count  Bertrand  said 
O'Meara  was  an  innocent  man,  that  he  had  done  nothing 
wrong,  and  that  he  would  be  well  received  by  the 
ministers  when  he  got  to  England."  Count  Bertrand 
also  asked  if  I  had  heard  of  the  death  of  Mr  Balcombe. 
I  replied  I  had.  Madame  Bertrand  pitied  his  family. 
I  asked  Count  Bertrand  how  General  Bonaparte  was  and 
he  said  he  was  very  ill. 

Q.  11.  You  are  required  to  state  explicitly  at  what 
time  and  when  you  showed  Dr  Stokoe  a  copy  of 
O'Meara's  letter  to  Colonel  Lascelles. 

A.  In  going  down  town  to  show  the  copy  to  Sir 
Thomas  Reade,  I  had  some  conversation  with  Dr  Stokoe 

198 


CASE   OF  LIEUTENANT  R.   H.   REARDON 

about  O'Meara,  but  I  am  not  certain  whether  I  showed 
the  copy  of  the  letter.  I  lamented  that  two  innocent 
persons  were  brought  into  trouble  by  being  his  friend. 
Dr  Stokoe  regretted  having  had  anything  to  do  with 
O'Meara,  and  said  that  a  letter  had  been  received  in 
which  his  name  had  been  mentioned,  that  he  had  never 
authorised  Mr  O'Meara  to  have  letters  addressed  to  him, 
and  that  he  feared  further  letters  might  be  sent  him. 
He  considered  it  very  hard  after  so  many  years'  service 
that  he  might  be  ruined  by  his  intimacy  with  O'Meara. 

Q.  12.  How  came  the  Bertrands  to  be  informed  of 
your  being  at  Mason's  Stock  House  ? 

A.  About  seven,  the  same  morning  that  Count 
Bertrand  visited  me,  Archambault,  with  a  black  girl, 
passed  the  Stock  House,  and  I  suppose  he  must  have 
told  the  Bertrands  I  was  here.  On  the  arrival  of  the 
Count  and  Countess  at  the  Stock  House  they  appeared 
surprised  that  I  was  there,  for  Madame  Bertrand  ex- 
claimed, "  Oh,  it  is  Mr  Reardon  that  is  here."  I  asked 
them  if  they  knew  I  was  quartered  there,  and  they 
replied  they  did  not. 

Q.  13.  Did  you  receive  any  message  from  the  Count 
and  Countess  Bertrand  during  the  last  three  weeks  or  at 
any  time  through  your  servant's  wife  ? 

A.     No,  I  did  not. 

Q.  14.  Did  you  speak  to  Archambault  on  the  13th 
when  he  passed  Mason's  Stock  House  ? 

A.     No,  I  did  not. 

As  a  result  of  this  inquiry  Reardon  was  ordered  to 
quit  the  Island,  on  leave. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  this  inquiry  did  not  reveal 
any  greater  degree  of  turpitude  on  the  part  of  Reardon 

199 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

than  that  he  had  been  indiscreet  in  showing  a  letter  of 
O'Meara's  to  his  brother  officers,  and  had  been  unfortun- 
ate enough  to  have  been  the  friend  of  the  discredited 
medical  attendant  of  Napoleon.  He  left  on  October  29th 
in  the  Bombay  Castle,  having  with  him  his  companion  in 
trouble,  Colonel  Lascelles.  His  fear  that  his  connection 
with  O'Meara  would  ruin  him  was  fully  justified  by  sub- 
sequent events,  for  when  his  leave  had  expired  he  made 
repeated  applications  to  be  permitted  to  rejoin  his 
regiment  in  England ;  but  this  was  refused.  He  was, 
however,  told  that  he  might  proceed  to  St.  Helena  and 
join  the  battalion.  But  knowing  the  opinion  of  the 
Governor,  he  rightly  objected  to  be  sent  there  to  be,  as 
he  said,  "  completely  ruined."  In  spite  of  memorials  and 
applications  to  the  Commander-in-Chief  and  to  Colonel 
Nicol,  the  commander  of  the  66th,  no  redress  could  be 
obtained,  and  being  in  sore  straits  he  wrote  a  letter  to 
Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  virtually  asking  him  to  remove  the 
ban  which  had  been  cast  upon  him. 

The  letter  is  in  the  "Lowe  Papers,"  in  vol.  20,233, 
f.  158,  and  is  as  follows : — 

15  Manchester  Buildings, 
Westminster. 
October  2nd,  1821. 
Sir, 

When  I  presume  to  trespass  on  you,  after  having 
failed  in  my  endeavour  to  explain,  I  hope  you  will  kindly 
excuse  and  pardon  the  liberty.  I  natter  myself,  if  known 
to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  the  situation  I  have  been  in  for  the 
last  two  months  with  an  amiable  wife,  he  would  have 
relieved  me,  as  I  am  confident  it  can  never  be  his  wish,  or 
gratifying  to  his  feelings  to  injure  in  any  way  an  entire 
soldier  of  fortune  who  can  boast  of  nothing  but  his  pay. 

200 


CASE   OF  LIEUTENANT   R.   H.   REARDON 

I  must  ever  regret  that  anything  I  could  have  said  should 
have  brought  your  displeasure  upon  me,  which  I  am  told 
is  the  cause  I  am  not  allowed  to  join  my  regiment. 

I  must  beg  leave  to  say  that  I  never  intentionally 
gave  offence  to  you,  and  express  my  sorrow  that  you 
should  think  so.  Trusting  to  your  own  feeling  towards 
a  soldier  of  fortune, 

I  have  the  honour  to  remain, 

Your  most  obedient  and  humble  servant, 

R.  H.  Reardon. 
To  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  Coulter  s  Hotel. 

This  letter,  which  is  not  without  an  element  of  pathos, 
apparently  had  no  effect,  for  in  1822  Reardon's  name 
appears  in  the  Army  List  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  49th 
Foot.  Sir  Hudson  was  not  very  ready  to  forgive  an 
officer  who,  by  design  or  otherwise,  had  compromised 
himself  with  the  people  at  Longwood,  and  Reardon's 
treatment  was  the  same  as  that  meted  out  to  Major 
Emmett,  Captain  Lutyens,  Captain  Poppleton,  and 
Colonel  Lascelles. 

Amongst  the  private  papers  of  Captain  Reardon  (now 
in  the  possession  of  Miss  M.  F.  M.  Mackay,  his  grand- 
daughter, and  to  whom  thanks  are  rendered  for  permission 
to  use  them)  are  letters  relating  to  a  claim,  made  on  the 
French  Government  in  1856  by  Captain  Reardon's  son, 
for  the  payment  of  the  sum  of  £365,  which  had  been 
promised  his  father  by  Bertrand  when  he  left  St.  Helena 
in  1818. 

It  appears  that  when  Reardon  left  the  Island,  he  took 
with  him  a  bill  drawn  in  his  favour  by  either  Bertrand  or 
Montholon,  acting  as  Napoleon's  agent,  on  William 
Holmes  of  Lyon's  Inn,  their  usual  intermediary  in  these 

201 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

private  financial  transactions.  This  bill,  which  was  for 
£365,  was  given  Keardon  on  account  of  the  loss  he  had 
suffered  "through  his  sentiments  of  humanity  towards 
Napoleon  at  Longwood."  Apparently  the  bill  was  pre- 
sented to  Holmes  by  Reardon,  but  was  never  honoured, 
by  either  Holmes  or  Lafitte,  the  banker  in  Paris.  In 
1827  Reardon  made  application  to  Bertrand  for  payment 
of  the  money,  and  in  reply  received  the  following 
document,  which,  if  true,  throws  a  lurid  light  upon  the 
honesty  of  Mr  William  Holmes. 

The  translation  is  as  follows : — 

"  We  the  undersigned  make  the  following  declaration. 
It  is  in  our  knowledge  that  Mr  Reardon,  Lieutenant  in 
the  service  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  by  a  factious  con- 
nection of  circumstances  which  he  has  had  through 
sentiments  of  humanity  towards  the  French  prisoner  at 
St.  Helena,  has  been  recalled  from  that  Island  and 
reduced  in  rank.  Moreover,  we  are  constrained  to  be- 
lieve that  if  this  officer  had  continued  to  be  in  authority 
in  the  service,  he  would  have  been  Captain  to-day,  and 
from  a  letter  from  the  office  of  the  Commander-in-Chief 
that  he  has  shown  us,  we  see  that  even  now  if  he 
furnished  the  said  sum  of  £365,  he  could  be  appointed  to 
the  said  rank. 

"Consequently  in  our  quality  of  legatees  of  his 
Majesty  Napoleon,  and  commissioned  with  winding  up 
the  accounts  of  the  sums  belonging  to  him,  remaining  in 
the  hands  of  Prince  Eugene,  his  adopted  son  ;  we  have 
given  to-day,  an  assignment  of  £365  sterling,  to  Mr 
Reardon  on  Mr  William  Holmes,  of  London,  debtor  to 
the  inheritance  of  H.M.  Napoleon,  as  having  received,  by 
orders  from  Prince  Eugene,  different  sums  amounting  to 

202 


CASE   OF  LIEUTENANT  R.   H.   REARDON 

one  hundred  and  eighty-two  thousand  francs,  for  the 
purpose  of  discharging  letters  of  exchange  drawn  from 
St.  Helena  for  the  wants  of  the  illustrious  prisoner. 
The  said  Mr  William  Holmes  has  not  discharged  any  of 
these  letters  of  exchange,  nor  rendered  up  to  this  day  any 
account  of  their  business.  Written  at  Paris,  May  3rd, 
1827,  signed,  '  Bertrand.'     « Montholon.' " 

In  this  document  no  mention  is  made  of  any  bill 
having  been  drawn  on  Holmes  in  favour  of  Reardon 
when  he  left  St.  Helena,  but  this  may  be  inferred  since 
Bertrand  and  Montholon  made  Holmes  responsible  for 
the  payment  of  the  money. 

The  matter  was  left  in  abeyance  until  1856,  when 
Reardon's  son,  who  lived  in  the  United  States,  applied, 
through  the  French  Consul  at  New  York,  to  the  French 
Government  for  the  money.  The  French  Consul  at  that 
time  was  M.  Tristan  de  Montholon,  the  son  of  General 
Montholon.  In  an  interview  in  1857,  M.  de  Montholon 
said  that  he  had  only  received  his  share  under  the  will  of 
Napoleon  in  1855,  that  Mr  Reardon  could  only  apply  to 
Mr  Holmes  for  the  payment  of  the  drafts  he  may  have 
in  his  possession,  that  all  legacies  contained  in  the  will  of 
Napoleon  had  been  paid  already,  and  that  the  drafts 
given  by  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena  were  never  honoured 
by  the  bankers  with  whom  he  deposited  his  money,  that 
some  of  them  like  Mr  Holmes  denied  ever  having  received 
any,  and  that  it  was  acknowledged  now  to  be  useless  to 
sue  these  people. 

Mr  Reardon  then  made  direct  application  to  Napo- 
leon III.  through  the  United  States'  Minister  in  Paris, 
but  received  the  following  official  letter,  which  closed  the 
matter : — 

203 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

"Monsieur  le  Ministre  et  Cher  Collegue,  par  votre 
lettre  du  24  Octobre  dernier,  vous  m'informez  que  Mr 
Reardome,  citoyen  des  Etats  Unis,  et  fils  d'un  officier 
anglais  renvoye'  du  service  en  raison  des  t^moinages  de 
Sympathie  qu'il  aurait  donnes  au  Captif  de  Ste.  Helene, 
d^sirait  savoir  si  la  somme  de  365  livres  sterling  que  les 
G£ne"raux  Bertrand  et  Montholon  avaient  accorded  a  son 
pere  a  e^e*  payd  posterieurement  a  1827. 

"  La  Commission  chargee  de  l'exe'cution  du  Testament 
de  Napoleon  I  vient  de  se  reunir.  J'ai  eu  l'honneur  de 
lui  communiquer  votre  lettre  ainsi  que  la  copie  qui  y 
£tait  jointe  de  la  declaration  des  Generaux  Bertrand  et 
Montholon  en  favour  de  Mr  Reardome.  La  Commission, 
apres  avoir  consults  les  comptes  qui  lui  ont  6t4  fournis 
pour  ses  deliberations,  n'y  a  trouve'  aucune  trace  de 
cette  affaire.  Elle  pense,  d'apres  la  declaration  des 
Gdneraux  Bertrand  et  Montholon,  que  si  Mr  Reardome 
fils  veut  elever  des  reclamations,  c'est  a  Mr  William 
Holmes  de  Londres  qu'il  doit  les  adresser,  puisque  Mr 
W.  Holmes  avait  recu  du  Prince  Eugene  les  fonds 
n^cessaires  a  l'acquittement  des  lettres  de  change  tiroes 
sur  lui  par  le  Captif  de  Ste.  Helene. 

"  Agr£ez,  Monsieur  le  Ministre  et  Cher  Collegue,  les 
assurances,  etc. . 

"Le  Ministre  d'Etat  a  S.  Exc.  M.  le  Ministre  des 
Affaires  Etrangeres. 

»■  Date,  1857." 


204 


MKS.   SKELTON 


See  page  127. 


WHAT  HAPPENED   AT  MASON'S  STOCK 

HOUSE 

This  small  dwelling  was  situated  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Fisher's  Valley,  and  commanded  an  excellent  view 
of  Longwood.  On  this  account  it  was  used  as  a  place 
of  observation,  and  a  lieutenant's  guard  was  always  in 
occupation. 

This  house  is  famous  for  two  episodes. 

First,  when  Lieutenant  R.  H.  Reardon,  of  the  66th, 
was  posted  there,  the  Bertrands  rode  out  and  conversed 
with  him  about  the  arrest  and  deportation  of  O'Meara. 
An  investigation  was  held  concerning  this,  and  as  a 
result  Reardon,  in  company  with  Lt. -Colonel  Lascelles, 
was  sent  home  to  England.     (See  article,  "  Reardon.") 

Secondly,  when  occupied  by  Lieutenant  G.  H.  Wood, 
of  the  20th  Regiment,  it  was  the  home  for  a  time  of 
Mr  R.  Grant,  a  midshipman  of  the  Vigo,  who  was  dying 
of  consumption.  Wood  and  Grant,  being  of  a  serious 
turn  of  mind,  used  to  ask  others  of  a  similar  character  to 
visit  them.  Accordingly,  Lieutenants  White  and  Oakley, 
of  the  20th  Regiment,  Mr  Mellish,  a  midshipman,  and 
Lieutenant  Armstrong,  of  the  St.  Helena  Regiment  of 
Artillery,  repaired  nightly  to  Mason's  Stock  House  and 
offered  up  prayers  for  the  salvation  of  Napoleon's  soul. 

An  account  of  this  episode  is  found  in  St.  Helena 
Memoirs,  by  Robson,  1827,  and  is  as  follows : — 

"The  following  little  narrative,  extracted  from  the 
communications  afforded  me  by  Lieutenant  W — d,  the 
dear  friend  of  Mr  Gr — t,  will  tend  to  shew,  not  only 

205 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

more  of  the  character  and  state  of  mind  of  the  sufferer, 
but  also,  what  were  the  general  feelings  of  the  young 
St.  Helena  Christians  towards  their  then  royal  prisoner. 
Mr  W — d  thus  writes :  *  M — h  and  I  used  to  carry  poor 
Gr — t  about  in  a  tonjon  ;  but  we,  his  hamauls,  were  as 
happy  in  the  employment  as  himself;  and  we  would 
often  compare  him,  his  situation,  state  of  soul,  and  eternal 
blessings  and  privileges,  riding  thus  in  his  humble  chair 
and  pole,  with  the  situation,  state,  honors,  and  attendants 
of  the  great  and  wonderful  man,  Buonaparte,  who  lived 
but  about  a  gunshot  from  us,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
valley ;  and  who  also  was  in  the  habit  of  riding  out  in 
the  wood  behind  his  house  at  Longwood,  attended  by 
his  suite  in  full  dress,  whom  we  could  plainly  see  from 
my  piquet.  We  would  often  ask  Gr — t,  whose  condition 
was  the  most  desirable,  his  or  the  great  man's  ?  Poor 
Gr — t  would  smile,  and  pity  this  extraordinary  man ; 
but  would  agree  with  his  bearers,  that  his  own  situation, 
though  on  the  point  of  bidding  farewell  to  this  world  for 
ever,  was  far  preferable  to  that  of  Buonaparte,  at  any 
time  of  his  splendid  history ;  and  that  he  would  not  ex- 
change with  any  mere  worldly  potentate  that  ever  existed. 

"  But,  at  all  our  prayer  meetings,  we  never  omitted 
to  pray  for  our  exalted  neighbour,  pouring  out  our 
supplications  abundantly  and  fervently  in  his  behalf, 
that  God  would  mitigate  his  severe  bodily  sufferings 
during  his  long  illness,  and  sanctify  them  to  his  immortal 
soul's  conversion  and  salvation. 

"  He  was  frequently  the  subject  of  our  conversation, 
and  we  would  say,  '  O,  if  it  pleased  God  to  convert  him, 
and  make  him  a  Christian,  what  a  triumphant  monument 
of  grace  would  he  be ! '  Although,  if  he  were  led  to  true 
repentance,  the  world  would  say,  he  had  turned  coward ; 

206 


WHAT   HAPPENED   AT   MASON'S 

or  that  it  was  his  guilty  conscience  smiting  him  for  the 
dreadful  crimes  laid  to  his  charge ;  and  that  it  was  natural 
enough  so  great  a  sinner  should  repent.  We  know  that 
in  this  way  the  self-righteous  world  would  talk,  if  ever 
he  should  be  brought  to  evangelical  repentance  unto 
life ;  but  still  we  continued  to  pray  earnestly  for  him, 
and  he  was  most  truly  an  object  of  pity,  compassion, 
and  Christian  benevolence.  We  were  desirous  to  hear, 
if  possible,  anything  relative  to  his  spiritual  or  religious 
ideas  and  views ;  but  never  could  obtain  any  satisfactory 
information  till  after  his  death,  when  we  heard  from  some 
of  his  suite,  that  latterly  he  was  in  the  constant  habit  of 
praying  with  the  priest,  but  particularly  was  often  heard 
(when  he  knew  not  that  any  one  was  present  in  the  room) 
to  pray  earnestly  to  God,  through  Jesus  Christ,  for  his 
salvation ;  but  we  could  know  no  more  than  this.  Every 
one  said  that  he  was  not  at  all  alarmed  at  death,  as  Dr 
A also  knows ;  to  whom  he  would  talk  of  his  ap- 
proaching end  with  philosophical  calmness.  But  all  this 
calmness  and  unconcern  was  merely  of  a  natural  growth ; 
arising  partly  from  his  ignorance  of  the  consequences  of 
death,  and  also  from  the  persuasion  that  he  had  not  only 
not  been  guilty  of  the  flagrant  crimes  imputed  to  him  by 
his  enemies,  but  that  he  had  abused  his  power  less,  in 
what  the  world  calls  crime,  than  any  other  monarch  ;  and 
he  used  to  appeal  to  history  to  vindicate  his  assertion. 
Nevertheless,  although  this  might  be  true,  such  style  of 
reasoning  and  calmness  of  philosophy  (falsely  so  called) 
was  a  proof  that  then  he  had  no  gracious  visitations, 
whatever  he  might  have  had  on  his  dying  bed ;  when  he 
was  seen  and  heard  to  pray  to  God  through  Jesus  Christ. 
We  always  heard  that  he  believed  in  the  scriptures  as 
the  nominal  Christian  may,  and  often  does,  to  his  own 

207 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

condemnation.  He  always  spoke  of  them  with  respect 
and  reverence,  and  often  read  them,  particularly  latterly. 
In  the  time  of  Dr  O'Meara  he  used  to  peruse  them  fre- 
quently, both  for  pleasure  and  information ;  but  then, 
chiefly  the  historical  parts,  especially  the  accounts  of 
Joshua,  David,  etc.,  and  their  battles ;  and  ever  valued 
the  Bible  as  the  oldest  history  extant,  independent  of 
every  other  good  quality  which  recommended  it  to  him. 
But  with  the  liberality  he  possessed,  from  his  great  know- 
ledge of,  and  intercourse  with,  mankind,  he  was  still  very 
bigotted;  so  much  so,  as  to  think  no  person  could  be 
saved  out  of  the  pale  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church ; 

and  hence  he  used  to  urge  Dr  A to  go  to  mass. 

There  is  one  thing  certain,  that  he  disbelieved  the  efficacy 
of  the  popish  sacrament  of  extreme  unction  (as  I  suppose 
he  did  all  other  absurdities  of  that  church),  because  he 
would  not  and  did  not  receive  it.  But  a  day  or  two 
before  his  death,  knowing  that  he  was  dying,  he  received, 
with  great  earnestness  and  devotion,  the  sacrament  of 
the  Lord's  Supper ;  this  we  heard  from  Madame  Bertrand, 
and  others  of  his  household. 

"  The  following  is  also  an  interesting  and  important 
fact  concerning  him,  not  generally  known.  It  is  this : 
The  late  good  and  venerable  Father  in  Christ,  Dr  Bogue, 
of  Gosport,  sent  out  several  copies  of  the  French  trans- 
lation of  his  Essay  on  the  New  Testament,  to  Buonaparte 
and  Suite.  One  of  these  copies,  which  had  belonged  to 
Buonaparte,  I  obtained  through  a  Sergeant  of  ours,  who 
taught  the  Count  Bertrand 's  children  writing  and  accounts, 
and  who  received  it  as  a  present  from  the  Count  with 
this  statement,  that  it  had  been  one  of  Napoleon's  books 
which  he  had  perused ;  but  did  not  say  how  much  or  how 
deeply ;  and  the  Count  knowing  the  Sergeant  to  be  a 

208 


WHAT   HAPPENED   AT   MASON'S 

pious  man,  for  that  reason  gave  it,  along  with  some 
others,  to  him.  On  my  arrival  in  England,  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  presenting  it  to  Dr  Bogue,  who  was  delighted 
to  receive  his  child  back  again,  after  its  vicissitudes  and 
peregrinations,  particularly  after  having  been  adopted  by 
that  wondrous  man  Napoleon,  and  perhaps  often  under 
his  eye. 

"  After  all  our  conjecture,  we  know  not  but  we  may 
meet  him  in  heaven,  as  a  monument  of  mercy,  saved  at 
the  last  hour.  The  Christians  who  went  to  meditate 
over  the  lifeless  body  of  this  extraordinary  man,  were 
peculiarly  affected :  and  I  remember  how  we  called  to 
mind  that  passage  in  Isaiah  xiv.,  verses  9  to  21,  which 
appeared  to  have  been  written  as  much  for  him,  as  for 
the  king  of  Babylon — how  wonderfully  appropriate  did 
the  12th  verse  appear  to  us — but  more  particularly  we, 
who  beheld  him  lying  in  death,  and  took  that  hand, 
which  once  swayed  the  sceptre  of  the  world,  in  ours,  were 
struck  with  the  application  of  the  16th,  18th,  and  19th 
verses,  which  were  then  literally  fulfilled." 


209 


THE  CASE  OF  LOWE  v.   O'MEARA 


A  List  of  those  who  made  Affidavits  concerning 

the  Case 

For  Lowe 


Sir  George  Bingham. 
Col.  John  Mansel. 
Brigade-Major  Harrison. 
Capt.  R.  C.  Mansel. 
Capt.  Francis  Stanfell. 
Major  James  Power. 
Dr  James  Verling. 
Col.  Daniel  Dodgin. 
Capt.  George  Nicholls. 
Col.  Nicol. 
Col.  Lascelles. 

Alex. 


Dr  Francis  Burton. 
Dr  Walter  Henry. 
Capt.  James  Baird. 
Lt.  Kingsmill. 
Lt.  John  Usher. 
Lt.  Charles  MacCarthy. 
John  Nudd. 
Sir  Thos.  Reade. 
Col.  E.  Wynyard. 
Major  Gorrequer. 
William  Balcombe. 
Baxter. 


For  O'Meara 


Montholon. 
Lt.  John  Fernandez. 
Lt.  R.  H.  Reardon. 
Lt.  A.  W.  Birmingham. 
Capt.  Poppleton. 
Capt.  Thos.  Cook. 
Major     Robt.     Younghus- 
band. 


Purser  John  Cumming. 

Las  Cases. 

Las  Cases  (fils). 

Marchand. 

Pierron. 

Antommarchi. 

Coursot. 

Chandelier. 


(See  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,230.) 


210 


SOCIETY  IN  ST.   HELENA  DURING 
THE  CAPTIVITY 

Before  the  arrival  of  Napoleon,  St.  Helena  was  a  restful 
island  owned  by  the  East  India  Company,  and  used 
almost  entirely  as  a  "half-way"  stopping-place  between 
England  and  India,  where  ships  could  obtain  stores  and 
water.  The  Company  expected  little  or  no  profit  from 
their  occupation  of  the  Island,  and  consequently  the 
officials  quartered  there  led  an  undisturbed  if  somewhat 
monotonous  existence.  The  Governorship  of  St.  Helena 
was  generally  a  reward  for  important  services  rendered  in 
India,  and  the  other  offices  in  the  administration  were 
sometimes  filled  by  those  whose  health  had  become 
impaired  by  prolonged  residence  in  the  East. 

Although  placed  in  such  a  remote  situation,  St. 
Helena  was  by  no  means  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  the 
world,  for  almost  every  ship  to  or  from  India  called  at 
the  Island,  and  those  on  board  were  only  too  glad  to 
relieve  the  tedium  of  the  voyage  by  going  on  shore  and 
exchanging  items  of  news  with  the  inhabitants.  When, 
however,  the  captivity  began,  a  vast  change  came  over 
the  quiet  scene.  The  population  of  St.  Helena  received 
at  once  an  influx  of  about  1500  Europeans,  and  the  fact 
that  the  Island  was  the  prison  home  of  the  great 
Napoleon  rendered  it  perhaps  the  most  talked-of  place 
outside  Europe.  Like  all  small  and  circumscribed  com- 
munities where  monotony  reigned,  society  in  St.  Helena 
was  not  without  its  disputes,  and  the  small  enmities  were 
to  a  certain  extent  promoted  by  the  system  of  espionage 

211 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

which  was  an  inseparable  part  of  the  policy  of  the  British 
authorities  towards  Napoleon. 

Society  in  St.  Helena  during  Napoleon's  time  was 
divided  into  three  main  groups.  There  was  the  Govern- 
ment House  group  which  comprised  the  chief  people  in 
the  civil,  the  military,  and  the  naval  administration  of 
the  Island.  Then  there  was  the  group  which  included 
all  those  who  held  smaller  posts  in  the  administration, 
and  those  of  the  white  population  of  the  Island  who  were 
engaged  in  agricultural  and  commercial  pursuits.  Finally 
there  was  the  Longwood  group,  which  embraced  all  those 
in  attendance  on  Napoleon. 

The  vexed  question  of  precedence  was  governed  by 
the  code  laid  down  by  the  East  India  Company  for  the 
guidance  of  its  servants,  and  in  the  "  Council  Minutes  "  for 
the  year  1816  ("Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,240,  f.  76)  the 
following  table  of  precedence  will  be  found,  which  was 
used  at  official  functions  at  Plantation  House : — 

W.  Doveton.  \  Judges  and   Magistrates,  and   Members 
Robert  Leech.)     of  Council. 
T.  H.  Brooke. 

Senior    Merchants,     ranking     with 
Lt. -Colonels. 


John  De  Fountain. 
B.  A.  Wright. 
Richard  Leech. 
David  Kay. 
John  Kay. 
Thomas  Greentree. 
George  Blenkens. 
Robert  Seale. 
Anthony  Beale. 
George  Lambe. 
N.  Kennedy. 


Junior     Merchants,    ranking    with 
Majors. 


Factors,  ranking  with  Captains. 
212 


SOCIETY   IN   ST.   HELENA 

Charles  Blake. 

D.  Leech.  Writers,  ranking  with  Subalterns. 

Henry  Seale. 

The  same  minute  decrees  that  the  senior  chaplain,  the 
Rev.  Richard  Boys,  is  to  be  accorded  the  right  to  rank 
with  a  major,  and  references  are  made  to  lists  of  people 
of  smaller  importance  who  were  asked  to  "  Farmers' 
Dinners  "  at  Plantation  House. 

The  principal  families  settled  in  St.  Helena  when 
Napoleon  arrived  were  as  follows : — 

The  Dovetons. — The  head  of  this  family  was  Sir  William 
Webber  Doveton,  the  senior  member  of  Council, 
and  brother  of  Sir  John  Doveton,  a  major-general 
in  the  Indian  Army.  He  had  two  daughters,  one  of 
whom  married  Major  Hodson,  and  the  other  Thomas 
Greentree,  a  member  of  Council. 

The  Hodsons. — Major  Hodson  lived  at  Maldivia,  and 
married  Maria,  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  Doveton. 
His  family  was  one  of  the  most  respected  and 
important  on  the  Island. 

The  Pritchards. — This  family  had  been  established  in 
St.  Helena  longer  than  any  other,  and  at  the  present 
time  one  of  its  members  still  resides  in  the  ancestral 
home.  The  land  on  which  the  tomb  is  situated 
belonged  to  the  Pritchards.  In  Napoleon's  time 
two  brothers  represented  the  family,  Henry  Huff 
and  David  Kay.  The  former  was  responsible  for  the 
telegraphs  on  the  island,  and  especially  those  signals 
which  had  reference  to  the  movements  of  Napoleon 
at  Longwood.  The  other  brother  married  the 
sister  of  Major  Hodson,  and  eventually  commanded 
the  St.  Helena  Artillery. 

213 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S  WHO 

Besides  these  there  were  the  families  of  Leech,  Seale, 
De  Fountain,  Bennett,  Brooke,  Shortiss,  Kinnaird,  Bagley, 
Knipe,  Torbett,  Mason,  Legge,  Robinson,  Broadway, 
Solomon,  Alexander  Kay,  Firmin,  Balcombe,  Wright, 
Lamb,  Young,  Carol,  O'Connor,  Smith,  Haynes, 
Janish,  Porteous,  Beale,  Hunter,  Blenkens,  Den  Taafe, 
Kennedy,  Cole,  Harrington,  and  Fowler.  Inter- 
marriages, as  might  be  expected  in  so  circumscribed 
a  community,  were  frequent.  A  complete  list  of  all 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Island  appears  for  the  first  time 
in  the  "East  India  Register"  for  1825,  and  the  "Muster 
Rolls "  and  the  "  Casualty  Returns "  for  St.  Helena 
amongst  the  papers  in  the  India  Office  may  be  con- 
sulted for  more  precise  information  concerning  those 
who  were  in  St.  Helena  during  the  period  of  the 
captivity.  In  addition  to  the  inhabitants,  many  of  the 
officers  of  the  British  regiments  stationed  in  the  Island 
at  the  time  were  accompanied  by  their  wives  and  families, 
and  the  following  lists  extracted  from  "  The  Marriage 
and  Death  Certificates"  (W.O.  42,  210)  in  the  Record 
Office,  "  The  Wills "  in  Somerset  House,  and  various 
other  sources,  too  numerous  to  mention,  may  be  of 
service  to  those  descendants  who  are  interested  in  the 
subject.  This  list  of  the  "  Ladies  in  St.  Helena  "  during 
the  captivity  is  not  perhaps  complete,  but  it  gives  all 
those  who,  for  one  reason  or  another,  were  of 
importance. 

The  Principal  Ladies  in  St.  Helena  during 
the  Captivity 

Lady    Lowe,    nee   Miss   de   Lancy,   widow  of   Colonel 
William  Johnson. 

214 


SOCIETY   IN   ST.   HELENA 

Lady  Bingham,  wife  of  Sir  George  Bingham. 

Lady  Malcolm,  wife  of  Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm. 

Countess  Bertrand. 

Countess  de  Montholon. 

Baroness  Sturmer,  wife  of  Baron  Sturmer,  the  Austrian 

Commissioner. 
Mrs  Wilks,  wife  of  Colonel  Wilks. 
Miss  Laura  Wilks. 
Mrs  Pine-Coffin,  nee  Maria  Monkland,  married  at  Bath, 

1820. 
Mrs  Wynyard,  wife  of  Colonel  Wynyard. 
Mrs  Skelton,  wife  of  Colonel  Skelton. 
Mrs  Hodson,  nee  Maria  Doveton,  wife  of  Major  Hodson. 
Mrs  Brooke,  nee  Miss   Wright,  wife  of  Mr   Secretary 

Brooke. 
Mrs  South,  wife  of  Colonel  South. 
Mrs  Shortt,  nee  Henrietta  Young,  wife  of  Dr  Shortt. 
Mrs  Younghusband,  nee  Catherine  Whinyates,  wife  of 

Captain  Younghusband. 
Mrs  Nagle,  ne'e  Emma  Valentine,  wife  of  Lt.  Nagle. 
Mrs  Kingsmill,  wife  of  Lt.  Kingsmill. 
Mrs  Fernandez,  wife  of  Capt.  Fernandez. 
Mrs  Matthias,  wife  of  Lt.  Matthias. 
Mrs  Hutchins,  wife  of  Lt.  Hutchins. 
Miss  Mason,  a  wealthy  landowner  in  St.  Helena. 
Mrs  Balcombe,  wife  of  William  Balcombe. 
Miss  Betsy  Balcombe. 
Miss   Mary   Robinson,  "The   Nymph,"  afterwards  Mrs 

Edwards. 
Mrs   Greentree,  n4e    Miss    Doveton,  wife    of   Thomas 

Greentree. 
Mrs  Bennett,  wife  of  Captain  James  Bennett. 
Mrs  Boys,  wife  of  Rev.  Richard  Boys. 

215 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Mrs  Vernon,  wife  of  Rev.  B.  J.  Vernon. 

Mrs  Ibbetson,  wife  of  Denzil  Ibbetson. 

Miss  Charlotte  Johnson,  daughter  of  Lady  Lowe. 

Miss  Susanna  Johnson,  daughter  of  Lady  Lowe. 

Mrs    Seelinger,    nee    Elizabeth    Grant,   wife    of    Major 

Seelinger. 
Mrs  Rhynd,  ne'e  Annie  Buchan,  wife  of  Lt.  Rhynd. 
Mrs  Papps,  nee  Harriet  Dobbins,  wife  of  Surgeon  Peter 

Papps. 
Mrs   Obins,  ne'e  Anne   Keogh,   wife   of  Major   Hamlet 

Obins. 
Mrs  Mack,  nee  Caroline  Smith,  wife  of  Lt.  Mack. 
Mrs  Haynes,  nee  Anne  de  Fountain,  wife  of  Lt.  Haynes. 
Mrs  Wilton,  nee  Jane  Shea  of  Rathkeal,  wife  of  Adjutant 

Wilton. 
Mrs  Dodd,  wife  of  Quartermaster  John  Dodd. 
Mrs  Guy  Rotton,  nee  Maria  South,  wife  of  Captain  Guy 

Rotton. 
Mrs   Gethin,  nee  Jane  South,  wife  of  Captain  Richard 

Gethin. 
Mrs  Blakie,  wife  of  Quartermaster  Blakie. 
Mrs  Power,  wife  of  Captain  Power. 
Mrs  Jordan,  n^e  Miss  Robinson,  wife  of  Captain  Jordan. 
Mrs  Dodgin,  wife  of  Colonel  Daniel  Dodgin. 
Mrs  Smith,  wife  of  Colonel  Smith. 
Mrs  Seale,  wife  of  Major  Seale. 
Mrs  De  Fountain,  wife  of  Mr  John  De  Fountain. 
Mrs  Baird,  wife  of  Captain  Baird. 
Mrs  Codd,  the  wife  of  Lt.  John  Codd. 
Mrs  Edwards,  wife  of  Lt.  Thomas  Edwards. 
Mrs  Birmingham,  wife  of  Lt.  Birmingham. 
Mrs    Rutledge,   nee    Maria    Tyrell,    wife    of   Assistant 

Surgeon  Rutledge. 

216 


JAMES  VERL1NG,  M.D. 


See  page  131. 


SOCIETY   IN   ST.   HELENA 

In  addition  to  these,  but  by  no  means  belonging  to 
their  sphere,  may  be  mentioned  the  names  of  Esther 
Vesey  and  Mary  Anne  Foss,  who  formed  irregular  unions 
with  Marchand  and  Archambault  respectively.  The  un- 
named chere  amie  of  Admiral  Plampin  also  belonged  to 
this  group. 

In  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  vol.  20,128,  p.  517,  a  list  will 
be  found,  drawn  up  by  Madame  Bertrand,  of  those  people 
she  desired  should  be  given  passes  to  visit  her  at  Longwood, 
and  as  she  was  somewhat  particular  with  reference  to 
those  with  whom  she  associated,  the  list  may  be  accepted 
as  one  containing  the  names  of  some  of  the  best  people 
on  the  Island.     It  is  as  follows : — 

Madame  Bertrand's  Visiting  List 

Captain  Stanfell.  Lt.  Cairns. 

Col.  and  Mrs  Dodgin.  Lt.  Pearson. 

Capt.  and  Mrs  Jordan.  Sir  W.  Doveton. 

Lt.  and  Mrs  Kingsmill.  Mr  and  Mrs  Brooke. 

Dr  Henry.  Capt.  and  Mrs  Power. 
Col.,  Mrs  and  the  Misses    Mr  and  Mrs  Greentree. 

South. 

Major  and  Mrs  Obins.  Major  and  Mrs  Hodson. 

Major  Jackson.  Mr  and  Mrs  Vernon. 

Major  Hogg.  Mrs  Smith. 

Dr  Arnott.  Miss  Beale. 

Col.  Power.  Miss  Mason  and  Niece. 

Lt.  and  Mrs  Matthias.  Mr  and  Mrs  Seale. 

Major  Emmett.  Mr  and  Mrs  De  Fountain. 

Lt.  Wortham.  Mr  and  Mrs  Haynes. 

Mrs  Ibbetson. 

("Lowe  Papers,"  20,128,  p.  517.) 
217 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

In  connection  with  these  lists  it  is  worthy  of  remark 
that  Mrs  Matthias  and  Mrs  Hutchins  were  the  only- 
wives  of  officers  who  came  out  to  St.  Helena  with 
Napoleon  and  remained  until  after  his  death.  Mrs 
Skelton,  Mrs  Hodson,  Mrs  Balcombe,  and  Mrs  Greentree 
occupy  the  unique  position  of  being  the  only  British 
ladies  who  had  the  honour  of  entertaining  Napoleon  in 
their  own  homes,  and  Mrs  Skelton  and  Lady  Malcolm 
were  on  closer  terms  of  intimacy  with  him  than  any  others, 
with  the  exception  of  Betsy  Balcombe. 

The  amusements  in  St.  Helena  consisted  of  riding, 
shooting,  visiting,  and  entertainments  of  various  kinds, 
such  as  dinner-parties,  private  theatricals,  and  bi-annual 
race  meetings  at  Deadwood.  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  enter- 
tained lavishly,  and  the  amateur  theatricals  were  in  the 
hands  of  Major  Gorrequer  and  Mr  Ibbetson.  The  race 
meetings  were  a  great  feature  of  social  life,  and  were 
organised  by  Captain  Rous,  who  afterwards  became  the 
dictator  of  the  English  Turf.  A  curious  notice  of  these 
race  meetings  exists  in  The  Asiatic  Journal  for  January, 
1818,  and  is  interesting,  since  it  gives  the  names  of  the 
officials  and  the  horses  entered.     It  is  as  follows : — 

"  We  have  been  favoured  with  a  copy  of  the  *  Racing 
Calendar'  of  St.  Helena  for  the  year  1817  (an  authentic 
publication  printed  at  St.  Helena  for  the  proprietor, 
by  J.  Boyd),  from  which  we  learn  that  the  Maiden 
Meeting  of  the  St.  Helena  Turf  Club  was  held  at 
Deadwood  on  the  7th  and  10th  of  April  last;  and  the 
second  or  Autumn  was  held  at  the  same  place  on  the 
9th  and  10th  of  September  last. 

"The  Stewards  at  the  first  meeting  were,  Sir 
G.  Bingham,  Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm,  and  Major  Fehrzen. 
Lt.  Leeson  was  Clerk  of  the  Course.     At  the  September 

218 


SOCIETY  IN  ST.  HELENA 

meeting  the  stewards  were,  Sir  T.  Reade,  Lt.-Col.  Dodgin, 
Lt.-Col.  Wright,  and  the  Hon.  Capt.  Rous.  Lt.  Matthias 
was  Clerk  of  the  Course. 

"  At  the  first  meeting  four  plates  were  run  for  (one  of 
them  a  handicap  plate),  and  four  matches.  At  the  second 
meeting,  five  plates  (one  a  handicap  plate),  and  two 
matches.     There  was  a  sweepstake  at  each  meeting. 

"  The  whole  number  of  horses  which  were  entered  and 
ran  amounted  to  33.  We  have  not  room  to  insert  the 
colours  of  the  riders  and  their  names  are  not  mentioned, 
but  the  names  of  the  horses  may  be  thought  to  form  a 
whimsical  alphabetical  arrangement,  which  is  as  follows, 
taken  in  order  in  which  they  appear  in  the  St.  Helena 
*  Racing  Calendar': — African,  Brickdust,  Blucher,  Bacchus, 
Botherum,  Comet,  Creeper,  Dolly,  Emperor,  Feather, 
Fidget,  Grinder,  Hambletonian,  Hope,  John  Bull, 
Kutusoff,  Manks,  Marske,  Mansel,  Negro,  Pringle,  Prime 
of  Life,  Regent,  Royal  Oak,  Regulus,  Sebastian,  Salamanca, 
Toussaint,  Tom  Tit,  Tom  Crop,  Tickler,  Whiskey. 

"  Amongst  the  matches,  Prime  of  Life  beat  Whiskey ; 
Grinder  beat  Salamanca ;  Royal  Oak  beat  Tom  Crop ; 
Dolly  beat  Toussaint,  and  Tom  Tit  beat  Tickler. 

"  We  are  not  certain  that  the  information  will  be  of 
any  particular  use,  but  the  next  spring  meeting  will  be 
on  the  second  Tuesday  in  April. 

"  Stewards — Admiral  Plampin,  Col.  Nicol,  and  Major 
Hodson.     Lt.  Matthias,  Clerk  of  the  Course. 

"  Eight  horses  were  matched  to  run  when  the  Calendar 
was  printed." 


219 


THE  REVEREND   RICHARD  BOYS, 
SENIOR  CHAPLAIN  IN  ST.   HELENA 

Richard  Boys  was  born  in  1785,  and  was  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge.  In  1811,  in  his  26th 
year,  he  was  appointed  junior  chaplain  in  St.  Helena  by 
the  H.E.I.C.  After  the  compulsory  retirement  of  his 
senior,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Jones,  in  1815,  he  was  chosen 
to  succeed  him,  and  held  his  office  until  1830,  when  he 
retired  on  a  pension.  In  addition  to  being  senior 
chaplain,  Boys  was  also  master  of  the  Head  School  in  the 
Island,  and  the  incumbent  of  the  "  Country  Church," 
situated  close  to  the  grounds  of  Plantation  House.  He 
resided  at  a  house  known  as  "  Smith's  Gate,"  close  to  the 
church,  where  most  of  his  children  were  born. 

Mr  Boys  was  an  honest,  but  rigid  and  uncompromising 
divine,  and  was  in  constant  conflict  with  the  authorities 
on  account  of  his  outspoken  condemnation  of  the  evil 
living  of  certain  sections  of  the  community.  The  "  St. 
Helena  Council  Minutes  "  contain  frequent  references  to 
the  difficulties  encountered  through  the  contentious  spirit 
of  the  chaplain.  On  January  3rd,  1815,  the  Council 
decreed  that  "  the  controversy  which  had  arisen  between 
Mr  Boys  and  the  Rev.  Mr  Jones  is  productive  of  dis- 
graceful effects,  and  they  are  ordered  to  abstain  from 
further  personal  controversy,  or  circulation  of  written  or 
printed  letters  referring  to  it  on  pain  of  suspension." 
Again,  on  March  30th,  1817,  the  Council  asked  Mr  Boys 
for  an  explanation  of  his  conduct  in  refusing  to  take  into 
the  church  a  coffin  for  burial.     He  excused  himself  on 

220 


THE   REVEREND   RICHARD   BOYS 

the  grounds  that  the  Island  was  full  of  pagan  supersti- 
tions, and  that  the  people  passed  round  the  altar,  and 
littered  the  church  with  myrtle  leaves.  On  June  4th, 
1821,  a  long  correspondence  began  regarding  the  action 
of  Mr  Boys,  who  had  insulted  Mr  G.  Blenkens,  the 
assistant  storekeeper,  by  calling  after  him  in  the  street : 
"  Blenkens,  when  is  the  green  bag  to  be  given  out  ?  "  In 
the  end  he  received  a  reprimand  from  the  Council.  On 
June  11th,  1821,  he  complained  to  the  Council  of  the 
violation  of  the  Lord's  Day.  In  reply,  the  Council 
thought  there  was  no  foundation  for  this  complaint, 
but  thought  Mr  Boys  was  the  "  dictator  of  many  of  the 
indecorous  and  insulting  letters  to  the  Government."  It 
was  not  only  in  St.  Helena  that  Mr  Boys  fearlessly 
attacked  what  he  believed  to  be  wrong,  for  when  on  a 
visit  to  Rio  Janeiro  Mr  Thornton,  the  British  Minister, 
was  obliged  to  send  him  away  on  account  of  "  his  indecent 
behaviour  when  a  Catholic  procession  was  passing  by." 
Always  prone  to  believe  that  the  cloth  he  wore  was  being 
insulted,  and  always  ready  to  uphold  the  sanctity  of  his 
calling,  he  once  complained  to  the  Council  that  people  on 
the  Island  were  "  engaged  in  the  wicked  and  mischievous 
purpose  of  holding  up  to  contempt  a  minister  of  God." 

In  October,  1818,  Boys  espoused  the  cause  of  Breame, 
the  Company's  farmer,  who  had  been  accused  of  being 
inaccurate  in  his  accounts,  and  this  action  brought  him 
into  further  conflict  with  the  Council.  In  August,  1820, 
a  long  wrangle  took  place  over  the  question  of  whether 
Mr  Boys  should  be  paid  7s.  6d.  or  8s.  6d.  for  preaching 
at  the  Military  Camp  at  Dead  wood.  In  this  controversy 
letters  of  ten  and  fifteen  pages  were  by  no  means  un- 
common. It  was  ended  by  the  Council  writing :  "  Your 
letters  only  tend  to   involve  the  subject   by  forced  or 

221 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

overstrained  deductions  from  what  is  written  to  you. 
The  Council  desires  that  you  do  not  employ  the  subject 
as  a  ground  for  making  any  further  attacks  on  the 
Secretary,  nor  for  collaterally  introducing  any  other 
matter  in  your  correspondence  with  them." 

The  letters  of  Mr  Brooke  to  Lowe,  after  he  had  left 
St.  Helena,  contain  frequent  references  to  Mr  Boys,  and 
serve  to  show  the  apprehension  concerning  his  actions. 
In  one  Brooke  informs  Lowe  that  Boys  "  appears  to  be 
moderate  and  quiet "  since  the  Governor's  departure.  In 
another  he  writes :  "  Mr  Boys  seems  to  be  quiet,  but  how- 
ever he  may  be  so  outwardly,  it  has  been  hinted  to  me  that 
he  is  at  some  underhand  work."  Finally,  the  Council's 
secretary  described  as  "  preposterous  "  the  claim  of  Boys 
to  have  caused  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  Island. 

Enough  has  now  been  said  to  show  that  the  tempera- 
ment of  Mr  Boys  was  productive  of  difficulties  in  his 
relations  with  the  authorities  in  St.  Helena.  But  this 
was  not  all.  In  his  zeal  for  the  promotion  of  the  spiritual 
welfare  of  the  community,  he  was  outspoken  in  his  de- 
nunciation of  evil  living  wherever  found.  Now  at  the 
time  of  the  captivity  the  moral  tone  of  St.  Helena  was 
low,  and  drunkenness  and  moral  depravity  were  to  be 
found  in  all  classes  of  the  Island  society.  In  his  capacity 
of  spiritual  head  in  the  Island,  Mr  Boys,  in  the  plainest 
terms,  inveighed  against  the  moral  lapses  prevalent,  and 
from  his  pulpit  did  not  hesitate  to  single  out  prominent 
examples  of  evil  living,  and  to  assail  them  in  his  sermons. 
The  case  of  Rear- Admiral  Plampin  was  one  which  excited 
his  righteous  anger  to  a  considerable  degree.  This  high 
official  lived  in  irregular  union  with  a  lady  who  came  out 
with  him  to  St.  Helena.  Her  name  is  undiscoverable  at 
the  present  time,  for  the  muster  books  of  the  Conqueror 

222 


THE  REVEREND  RICHARD   BOYS 

merely  give  those  not  borne  on  the  ship's  books  under 
the  designation  of  "  widows'  men."  But  we  know  from 
the  diary  of  Dr  Stokoe  that  she  was  shipped  in  the  Solent 
after  the  Conqueror  had  left  Portsmouth.  The  arrival  of 
the  Admiral  and  the  lady  caused  consternation  in  official 
circles  in  St.  Helena,  and  "  The  Briars,"  at  which  they 
resided,  was  shunned  by  Lady  Lowe  and  other  dames 
who  formed  the  high  St.  Helena  society.  In  a  short  time 
Mr  Boys  began  to  make  thinly  veiled  allusions  in  his 
sermons  to  this  wickedness  in  high  places.  Waxing 
warmer,  he  directly  preached  against  Plampin  and  his 
mistress,  beseeching  him  to  put  away  from  him  the 
accursed  woman,  and  to  flee  the  wrath  to  come  while 
there  was  yet  time. 

The  perturbation  of  Lowe  at  this  turn  of  events  was 
great,  and  he  was  placed  in  a  grave  dilemma,  for  Plampin 
was  a  faithful  adherent  of  Lowe  in  his  policy  regarding 
the  great  captive.  He  could  not  afford  to  lose  Plampin, 
and  he  knew  full  well  the  commotion  Boys  would  be 
sure  to  cause  in  England  were  he  sent  home  on  account 
of  his  chastisement  of  vice  in  high  places.  From  his 
dispatches  to  Bathurst,  it  is  evident  that  Lowe  had  no 
sympathy  with  the  moral  obliquities  of  Plampin.  He 
therefore  shrank  on  the  one  hand  from  taking  action 
from  fear  of  losing  Plampin,  and  on  the  other  from  fear 
of  promoting  a  scandal  in  England  by  the  uncurbed 
tongue  of  Mr  Boys. 

The  policy  adopted  by  Lowe  in  this  matter  was 
judicious,  for  Mr  Boys  knew  much,  and  had  he  been  dis- 
missed, the  British  public  at  home  would  have  learned 
that  the  term  "  abandoned  and  profligate  Isle,"  as  applied 
to  St.  Helena,  was  no  mere  empty  phrase.  Indeed, 
Lowe's  fear  that  Mr  Boys  would  make  damaging  dis- 

223 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

closures  will  be  well  understood  when  it  is  stated  that 
as  senior  chaplain  it  was  his  duty  to  make  the  official 
entries  in  the  Parish  Registers  of  all  the  births  taking 
place  on  the  Island.  When,  as  it  sometimes  happened, 
Mr  Boys  was  called  upon  to  record  the  births  of  illegiti- 
mate children  of  slave  women,  begotten  of  men  who  were 
some  of  the  highest  and  most  trusted  of  Lowe's  lieu- 
tenants, the  chaplain  in  his  righteous  indignation  did 
not  hesitate  to  write  in  bold  characters  in  the  registers 
the  titles  and  high  positions  of  the  sires.  In  these  old 
registers,  which  have  been  inspected  for  me  by  Major 
Foulds,  it  is  amusing  to  observe  the  frantic  attempts 
that  have  been  made  by  means  of  blots  and  pen-knife 
to  obliterate  the  damaging  evidence.  But  Mr  Boys  was 
determined  to  write  for  all  time,  and  the  precise  titles 
and  positions  of  the  fathers,  in  spite  of  the  attempted 
erasures,  can  still  be  plainly  distinguished.  This  was 
probably  the  real  reason  for  the  ostracism  of  Mr  Boys  by 
the  high  St.  Helena  society,  and  the  fear  of  his  out- 
spoken tongue  evinced  by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 

So  far  as  the  captivity  was  concerned,  Mr  Boys  was 
brought  into  contact  with  Napoleon  on  one  occasion  only. 
He  buried  Cipriani,  and  for  this  service  was  given  by 
Napoleon  on  April  18th,  1818,  a  snuff-box  for  himself 
and  £25  for  the  poor.  The  snuff-box  was  returned, 
however,  on  account  of  having  been  given  in  a  manner 
contrary  to  the  regulations. 

There  is,  however,  another  and  better  side  of  the 
picture  of  the  activities  of  Mr  Boys,  and  in  justice  to  him 
it  must  be  shown.  It  will  be  found  in  Robson's  Memoirs 
of  St.  Helena,  p.  64,  and  quoted  from  a  private  letter  of 
Lt.  G.  H.  Wood  of  the  20th  Foot.     It  is  as  follows  :— 

"  Mr  Boys  was  only  to  be  known  to  be  heartily  and 

224 


m   *«*    M 

■ 

^:^B 

Klw 

■V 

-MISS  LAURA  WILKS 


See  page  i 36. 


THE   REVEREND   RICHARD   BOYS 

fully  loved ;  for,  for  a  long  time  we  had  been  greatly 
prejudiced  against  him,  by  the  scandalous  reports  we 
were  in  the  habit  of  hearing  from  many  quarters,  and 
we  only  regretted  that  we  did  not  know  him  before. 
But,  however,  we  soon  became  on  the  strictest  terms  of 
brotherly  love  and  intimacy ;  and  he  became  a  Father 
in  Christ  to  all  the  young  Christians  in  the  Army  and 
Navy;  and  opened  his  house  and  his  heart,  and  all  his 
soul  to  receive  them,  and  to  promote  their  growth  in 
grace,  and  knowledge,  and  love,  and  obedience  to  the 
gospel.  All  this  was  blessed  abundantly  to  himself,  and 
he  became  more  spiritual,  earnest,  and  active  in  every 
way  in  the  cause  of  the  Lord.  We  had  meetings  in  his 
house  every  week,  frequently  assembling  to  the  number 
of  twenty ;  and  two  days  in  the  week  we  used  to  be 
there  to  breakfast,  and  spend  the  whole  day  in  religious 
exercises.  He  would  read  the  Word,  and  expound,  for 
which  he  had  a  most  happy  talent,  then  he  would  pray, 
then  read  a  chosen  sermon,  or  some  good  book ;  then  one 
of  us  would  pray ;  then  all  sing  a  hymn,  and  pray,  and 
sing  alternately  till  dinner-time;  after  which,  we  all 
walked  out  together,  choosing  each  his  companion,  and 
talked  of  Christ  by  the  way,  until  our  hearts  would  often 
burn  within  us ;  then,  after  dusk,  return  home  to  his 
house  to  take  tea,  and  spend  the  remainder  of  the  evening 
in  the  same  joyous  manner.  Such  scenes  and  hours  can 
never  be  forgotten,  but  must  ever  be  remembered  with 
inexpressible  happiness. 

"  He  watched  over  us  as  a  father  over  his  family,  and 
sought  by  every  means  to  promote  our  welfare;  and  as 
all  were  young  men,  and  young  converts,  and  stood  in 
need  of  that  instruction  which  experience  alone  could 
afford,  he  became  a  peculiar  blessing  to  us ;  and  this 
p  225 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

proved  to  himself  a  renewal  of  spiritual  life  and  activity  in 
the  labour  of  the  ministry,  which  continues  undiminished 
to  this  day.  And  now  that  a  new  and  amiable  Governor 
commands  the  Island,  and  is  his  friend  and  patron  in 
promoting  the  cause  of  Christ,  the  work  of  the  Lord  is 
flourishing  abundantly,  particularly  among  the  slaves  ; 
who,  by  the  Governor's  new  regulations,  commanding 
their  masters  to  send  them  to  church  at  all  regular 
services,  have  the  gospel  preached  constantly  by  Mr  Boys 
and  Mr  Vernon,  and  the  schools  have  greatly  increased 
in  numbers,  so  that  the  rising  generation,  in  this  once 
abandoned  and  profligate  Island,  is  now  brought  up 
strictly  in  the  nurture  and  admonition  of  the  Lord.  I 
mention  this  in  justice  to  his  character,  who,  although 
his  instrumentality  was  not  blessed  to  the  conversion  of 
any  of  the  young  saints,  became  a  father  to  them  all,  so 
that  I  do  not  know  what  we  should  have  done  without 
him.  He  made  his  house  a  regular  hospital  for  any  of 
the  naval  Christians  when  sick,  and  both  he  and  dear 
Mrs  Boys  (a  true  mother  in  Israel)  not  only  attended  to 
their  bodily  wants,  but,  above  all,  to  their  souls.  The 
Lord  of  the  vineyard  reward  them  both  abundantly  here 
and  hereafter.  I  mention  these  circumstances  thus  par- 
ticularly, for  it  is  a  debt  of  love  absolutely  due  to  him." 

So  although  Mr  Boys  was  tactless  in  some  of  his 
methods,  and  narrow-minded  in  his  views,  he  had  the 
merit  of  being  true  to  his  creed,  and  fearless  of  conse- 
quences in  putting  it  into  practice.  Neither  Lowe  with  his 
ample  power,  nor  the  jibes  and  sneers  of  the  community 
in  St.  Helena,  could  prevail  upon  him  to  swerve  a  hair's- 
breadth  from  the  course  he  considered  to  be  right. 
Indeed,  it  needed  no  little  courage  to  set  at  defiance  the 

226 


THE   REVEREND   RICHARD   BOYS 

iron  regulations  in  force  in  St.  Helena,  where  nearly  all 
were  spies,  and  where  a  chance  unguarded  word  might 
go  far  to  wreck  a  career. 

But  of  all  the  activities  of  Mr  Boys  in  his  capacity  of 
chaplain  the  most  famous  was  the  extraordinary  sermon 
he  preached  on  July  8th,  1821,  at  the  Country  Church — 
that  is,  a  few  days  before  the  departure  of  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe  and  his  staff.  No  copy  of  the  sermon  is  in  exist- 
ence, but  at  the  Council  meeting  on  July  9th  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe  submitted  an  exhaustive  analysis  which 
was  entered  on  the  minutes.  Since  this  analysis  states 
the  substance  of  the  sermon,  and  at  the  same  time  reveals 
Lowe  in  the  unusual  role  of  theological  critic,  it  may  be 
well  to  give  it  in  full.     It  is  as  follows : — 

"  The  Governor  desires  to  make  known  to  the  Council 
that  being  at  Plantation  House  Church  on  Sunday  last, 
he  was  a  good  deal  struck  with  different  parts  of  the 
sermon  preached  by  the  Rev.  Mr  Boys,  as  well  as  at  the 
emphasis  laid  on  particular  passages,  and  at  his  general 
style  of  preaching,  and  on  quitting  the  Church  he  found 
that  the  sermon  was  a  subject  of  conversation  and  surprise 
on  the  part  of  every  one  who  heard  it.  The  text  was 
taken  from  the  31st  verse  of  the  21st  Chapter  of  St. 
Matthew,  the  following  being  the  words: — 'Verily  I 
say  unto  you,  that  publicans  and  harlots  go  into  the 
kingdom  of  God  before  you.'  It  was  the  manner  of 
handling  the  text  that  surprised  the  Governor  as  well  as 
every  other  person  present.  It  seemed  to  be  the  principal 
object  of  the  sermon  to  draw  invidious  distinctions 
between  the  higher  and  lower  classes  of  society.  The 
possession  of  distinction,  wealth,  rank,  and  power  and 
knowledge,  and  science,  he  declared  to  be  a  barrier  against 

227 


A  ST.  HELENA  WHO'S  WHO 

admittance  into  the  Kingdom  of  Christ.  There  was 
general  and  very  little  qualified  reflection  throughout  the 
sermon  against  the  upper  classes  for  hypocracy.  '  They 
were  self-religious  formalists.  They  possessed  no  other 
morality  than  what  the  world  called  morality,  merely  an 
outward  show.  Their  religion  was  nothing  more  than  a 
specious  appearance.'  The  low,  the  poor,  the  mean,  he 
absolved  from  these  charges,  and  gave  them  credit  for 
their  sincerity  of  heart  in  their  worship.  It  was  among 
this  description  of  persons  that  our  Saviour  had  chosen 
his  companions,  that  he  selected  them  in  preference  to 
the  rich  and  the  great;  that  it  was  through  them  that 
grace  was  manifested.  Publicans  and  Harlots  were 
received  in  this  world  in  the  Kingdom  of  Grace,  and  in 
the  next  world  in  the  Kingdom  of  Glory.  The  rich  and 
great  haughtily  disdained  to  humble  themselves  before 
God,  while  the  poor  did  so  and  were  admitted  to 
Divine  favour.  He  instanced  on  the  part  of  Harlots, 
Mary  Magdalene,  and  on  that  of  thieves  and  sinners  the 
thief  on  the  cross,  and  two  other  individuals.  Disdaining 
the  simple  words  of  the  Gospel,  *  Publicans  and  Harlots,' 
which  words  had,  however,  been  repeated  with  peculiar 
emphasis,  he  rose  to  a  climax,  comprehending  the 
supposed  commission  of  crimes  of  such  atrocity  as  hardly 
any  but  the  most  depraved  imaginations  could  conceive 
human  nature  to  be  capable  of,  addressing  his  congrega- 
tion as  if  there  were  individuals  amongst  them  who  might 
have  committed  such  atrocities,  and  promising  them  an 
instant  absolution  and  remission  in  preference  to  the 
higher  order  of  society  on  the  ground  of  the  supposed 
hypocracy  of  the  latter,  provided  they  entered  the 
Sanctuary  in  which  he  was  preaching  with  true  signs  of 
repentance    upon    them.     Not     merely    Publicans    and 

228 


THE   REVEREND   RICHARD   BOYS 

Harlots,  but  the  lowest,  the  most  abandoned  of  sinners, 
outcasts,  Sabbath  breakers,  whoremongers,  fornicators, 
adulterers,  thieves,  murderers,  etc.,  were  those  whom  he 
most  addressed.  *  Nay,'  said  he  in  a  tone  of  most 
marked  emphasis,  'the  most  daring  rebel  is  sure  of 
salvation,'  adding,  'what  a  comforting  consoling  reflec- 
tion.' There  was  no  person,  he  continued,  however  sunk 
in  crime  that  could  not  obtain  salvation  at  any  time  if  he 
repented.  '  Had  you  murdered  your  father  or  mother,' 
he  said,  'nay,  if  you  came  at  the  present  moment  into 
this  church  with  your  hands  reeking  with  the  blood  of 
the  Son  of  God,  you  would  by  repentance  be  saved.' 
These  expressions  are  taken  from  memory,  and  some  of 
them  may  be  found  to  vary  from  the  exact  words  used  by 
him,  but  the  above  terms  did  not  appear  to  me  to  form 
the  most  objectionable  part  of  his  sermon.  The  doctrine 
that  repentance  washes  away  all  sin,  it  cannot  be  the 
Governor's  intention  to  arraign.  How  far  it  is  prudent 
and  discreet,  and  how  far  it  may  really  tend  to  promote 
the  cause  of  virtue  and  good  morals  to  hold  out  such 
ready  and  instant  absolution  for  enormities  that  make 
human  nature  shudder,  is  also  a  subject  the  Governor 
does  not  mean  to  discuss.  '  There  is  more  joy  in  heaven 
over  one  sinner  that  repenteth,  than  for  ninety-nine  just 
persons  that  need  no  repentance.'  But  the  just  herein 
mentioned  are  not  absolutely  proscribed  from  entering  the 
Kingdom  of  Heaven,  nor  are  they  told  that  the  prepara- 
tory commission  of  sin,  however  followed  by  repentance, 
established  a  more  certain  claim  to  redemption  than 
a  whole  life  spent  in  the  practice  of  religion  and  virtue, 
where  the  same  degree  of  repentance  may  not  be  needed. 
It  is  the  proscription  of  the  upper  and  middle  classes 
of  society,  the  arraignment  even  of  every  appearance  of 

229 


A   ST.  HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

religion  and  morality  on  their  part,  the  invidious  distinc- 
tion which  Mr  Boys  sought  to  draw  between  them  and 
the  lower  classes,  between  the  rich  and  the  poor,  the 
exhortation  to  mistrust  all  appearances  of  piety  and  virtue 
on  the  part  of  the  former  which  appeared  the  most 
prominent  feature  of  his  discourse.  Even  a  discourse  of 
this  nature  from  the  pulpit,  where  a  mixed  congregation 
was  assembled,  would  not  so  much  have  surprised,  but 
viewing  the  description  of  persons  that  Mr  Boys  addressed, 
it  may,  the  Governor  thinks,  be  safely  left  to  the  judge- 
ment of  the  Court  of  Directors,  or  to  that  of  any 
respectable  and  distinguished  member  of  the  Church  at 
home  to  decide  upon  the  propriety  with  which  this  text 
was  handled.  The  Congregation  was  composed  as 
follows: — The  Governor,  Lady  Lowe,  and  her  daughter 
Miss  Johnson,  a  young  lady  of  fifteen  years ;  Brigadier- 
General  and  Mrs  Pine-Coffin,  seven  or  eight  ladies,  the 
wives  or  daughters  of  Officers  of  the  Company's  Civil 
Service.  With  the  exception  of  about  twenty-five  or 
thirty  persons  who  were  of  the  higher  class,  the  whole 
of  his  congregation  were  soldiers,  servants,  slaves,  black 
women,  and  girls  and  children."  (See  "  St.  Helena  Council 
Minutes  "  for  July  9th,  1821.     India  Office.) 

In  the  above  able  exposition  of  the  celebrated  sermon 
it  does  not  appear  to  have  occurred  to  Sir  Hudson  that 
Mr  Boys  was  having,  so  to  speak,  "  a  parting  shot  "  at  the 
official  persons  in  St.  Helena,  and  that  the  sermon  was 
intended  to  reprimand  the  Plampins  and  others  in  high 
places  for  failing  to  set  an  example  in  clean  living  to  their 
inferiors,  who  on  account  of  ignorance  had  some  ground 
for  excuse.  But  Lowe  was  never  a  man  of  quick  per- 
ceptions.    As  a  result  of  this  minute,  the  Council  called 

230 


THE   REVEREND   RICHARD   BOYS 

upon  Mr  Boys  to  furnish  a  copy  of  the  sermon.  In  reply 
he  asked  if  they  preferred  the  request  as  a  favour  or  as 
a  right,  and  when  they  answered,  as  a  right,  he  further 
requested  them  to  show  him  a  copy  of  any  law  or  regula- 
tion by  which  he  was  compelled  to  give  a  copy  of  his 
sermon.  It  was  very  difficult  indeed  to  catch  Mr  Boys, 
and  in  the  end  the  "  Council  Minutes  "  sorrowfully  record 
that  no  copy  of  the  famous  sermon  was  forthcoming. 
The  following  Sunday  Mr  Boys  preached  in  the  church 
at  Jamestown.  Here  he  assumed  the  character  of 
a  minister  persecuted  and  harassed  by  those  in  high 
places  because  of  his  fearless  denunciation  of  their  short- 
comings. But  he  ended  up  with  a  triumphant  note,  and 
after  quoting  the  words,  "  Thou  hast  also  given  me  the 
necks  of  mine  enemies,  that  I  might  destroy  them  that 
hate  me,"  conveyed  to  his  hearers  the  impression  that  it 
might  be  dangerous  to  push  him  too  far. 

On  the  state  of  morality  existing  in  St.  Helena,  the 
British  occupation  appears  to  have  had  a  most  salutary 
effect,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  outspoken 
utterances  of  Mr  Boys  contributed  in  no  small  degree  to 
this  great  improvement.  Let,  therefore,  statistics  bear 
their  testimony  to  the  good  work  of  the  iconoclastic  cleric. 
Major  M.  F.  Foulds  has  inspected  the  parish  registers  in 
Jamestown  so  far  as  regards  the  illegitimate  baptisms 
taking  place  between  the  years  1813-1827,  with  the 
following  results: — 


1813  . 

.  198 

1818  .. 

39 

1823  .. 

.  3 

1814  .. 

.  101 

1819  ... 

50 

1824  .. 

.  4 

1815  . 

.  58 

1820  ... 

17 

1825  .. 

.  7 

1816  .. 

.  46 

1821  ... 

16 

1826  .. 

.  17 

1817  .. 

.  58 

1822  ... 
231 

6 

1827  .. 

.  83 

A   ST.   HELENA    WHO'S   WHO 

It  was  from  1822  to  1825  that  the  religious  revival  took 
place  in  St.  Helena  owing  to  the  energy  of  Mr  Boys,  but 
taken  together,  these  statistics  may  be  regarded  as  strong 
evidence  that  the  uncompromising  Mr  Boys  with  all  his 
aggressiveness  looked  well  after  his  "  vineyard,"  and  by 
no  means  laboured  in  vain. 

Mr  Boys  continued  in  charge  in  St.  Helena  until 
1830,  when  he  retired  on  a  pension.  On  returning  to 
England  he  held  several  charges,  finally  settling  at  Loose, 
in  Kent,  in  1854,  where  he  died  in  1867.  He  published 
two  works,  Elements  of  Christian  Knowledge,  and 
Primitive  Obliquities.  For  further  information  respecting 
Mr  Boys,  and  the  death-mask  of  Napoleon  brought  by 
him  from  St.  Helena,  reference  may  be  made  to  Mr 
Watson's  work,  The  Story  of  Napoleon's  Death  Mask 
(John  Lane.     1815). 


232 


THE  ABOLITION  OF  SLAVERY  IN 
ST.  HELENA 

Slavery  flourished  in  St.  Helena  during  the  captivity 
of  Napoleon,  and  almost  the  whole  of  the  labour  was 
recruited  in  this  way.  As  a  rule  the  slaves  were  not 
harshly  treated,  but  it  was  notorious  that  some  owners 
on  the  Island  had  a  bad  reputation  on  account  of  their 
inhumanity  and  brutality  to  their  slaves. 

The  credit  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  St.  Helena 
belongs  entirely  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and  whatever 
history  may  say  regarding  his  actions  as  guardian  of 
Napoleon,  nothing  can  detract  from  the  praise  that  is  his 
due  for  carrying  out  this  beneficent  reform  in  a  community 
given  over  entirely  to  the  practice  of  slavery. 

The  abolition  of  slavery  came  about  in  the  following 
manner.  Sir  Hudson  had  frequently  raised  the  question, 
and  it  had,  on  several  occasions,  been  discussed  by  the 
Council,  but  with  no  result.  But  in  August,  1818,  an 
event  happened  which  brought  matters  to  a  climax.  Sir 
George  Bingham,  the  commander  of  the  troops  in  the 
Island,  had  just  left  the  Magistrate's  Court  where  he  had 
been  presiding  when  his  eye  fell  upon  a  poor  slave  girl, 
about  fourteen  years  old,  limping  down  the  road  with 
blood  dripping  from  fresh  wounds  on  her  arm  and  back 
which  had  been  produced  by  a  whip.  Sir  George,  with 
his  well-known  kindness  of  heart  and  chivalrous  disposi- 
tion, was  shocked  at  the  distressing  sight,  and  inquired 
who  had  been  guilty  of  such  inhumanity.  He  was  told 
that  the  injuries  had  been  inflicted  by  the  girl's  owner, 

233 


A  ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Mr  Charles  De  Fountain.  Sir  George  at  once  returned 
to  the  court,  ordered  Mr  De  Fountain  to  be  brought 
before  him,  and  inflicted  the  statutory  fine  of  £2.  Then, 
addressing  those  about  the  court,  he  gave  vent  to  his 
indignation  in  violent  terms,  and  said  he  only  wished 
he  had  it  in  his  power  to  make  the  fine  £40,  and  to  order 
Mr  De  Fountain  to  receive  the  same  treatment  he  had 
meted  out  to  the  poor  slave.  Mr  De  Fountain,  callous 
to  the  last,  complained  to  the  Council  of  the  injurious 
terms  in  which  he  had  been  addressed  by  Sir  George  in 
the  hearing  of  others,  but  Sir  George  repeated  in  the 
Council  every  word  he  had  said,  and  stated  that  he  did 
not  withdraw  or  regret  a  single  word  that  he  had  uttered 
in  anger  in  the  Court  House.  The  whole  matter  made  a 
considerable  commotion,  and  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  immedi- 
ately gave  notice  that  he  would  again  bring  up  the  whole 
question  of  slavery  at  the  next  Council  Meeting.  Soon 
after,  the  whole  Island  agreed  voluntarily  to  give  up  the 
practice  of  slavery,  and  Sir  Hudson  had  just  cause  to  be 
proud  of  his  achievement.  (See  "St.  Helena  Council 
Minutes  "  for  August  24th,  1818.     India  Office.) 


234 


COLONKL   UAWK  WII.KS 


Sec  page  136, 


THE  MANUSCRIPTS  RELATING  TO 
THE  CAPTIVITY 

It  is  unnecessary  to  give  a  list  of  all  the  books  published 
concerning  the  captivity  of  Napoleon,  for  that  has  already 
been  accomplished,  and  the  reader  is  referred  to 
Mr  Norwood  Young's  Napoleon  in  Eooile  at  St.  Helena, 
where  a  complete  bibliography  will  be  found.  Something 
may,  however,  be  said  about  the  manuscripts,  for  they 
are  not  so  well  known  or  so  readily  accessible  to  the 
general  reader. 

The  first  place  of  importance  must  be  assigned  to  the 
large  collection  of  papers  in  the  Manuscript  Department 
of  the  British  Museum  commonly  known  as  the  "  Lowe 
Papers."  These  papers  consist  of  134  folio  volumes,  88 
of  which  deal  with  the  captivity  of  Napoleon,  and  the 
remainder  with  Sir  Hudson  Lowe's  activities  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  elsewhere.  The  "Lowe  Papers" 
represent  probably  the  most  exhaustive  account  of  his 
government  ever  compiled  by  an  official,  and  whatever 
may  be  thought  of  the  manner  in  which  Lowe  accom- 
plished his  mission,  unstinted  praise  is  due  to  him  for  the 
way  in  which  he  preserved  every  item  of  documentary 
evidence  connected  with  his  administration  of  St.  Helena. 
Everything  relating  to  the  captivity  is  recorded,  and  it 
would  be  a  difficult  matter  to  quote  a  single  omission  of 
any  importance.  This  wonderful  collection  will  always 
stand  alone  as  first-hand  evidence  concerning  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Helena  during  the  residence  there  of 
Napoleon. 

235 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Next  to  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  twenty-nine  volumes  in 
the  Colonial  Office  series  in  the  Record  Office  take  rank 
as  first-hand  evidence  regarding  the  captivity.  These 
consist  of  official  dispatches  passing  between  Lowe,  Lord 
Bathurst,  and  others,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of 
original  letters  from  people  who  had  business  with  the 
Government  in  St.  Helena. 

The  India  Office  also  contains  the  "  Consultation 
Books  "  of  St.  Helena,  in  which  are  recorded  the  Council 
Minutes.  In  addition  there  are  lists  of  casualties,  births, 
marriages,  and  deaths,  and  other  information  of  use  to  the 
student  of  the  period.  A  considerable  number  of  manu- 
scripts dealing  with  St.  Helena  during  Napoleon's  time 
rest  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  at  Paris.  Many  of 
them  are  the  originals  of  those  which  are  found  in  the 
"  Lowe  Papers,"  but  in  addition  there  are  many  from 
the  pen  of  O'Meara.  In  Les  Archives  Nationales  is  the 
very  interesting  journal  of  Dr  James  Verling,  which,  it 
is  hoped,  may  soon  be  published. 

The  originals  of  Lowe's  dispatches  to  Lord  Bathurst 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  present  holder  of  the  title,  and 
in  other  private  hands  are  many  papers  all  dealing  with 
the  subject  of  the  captivity.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  the  papers  left  by  Dr  Verling  which  contain 
all  the  official  letters  received  by  him  during  his  stay  at 
Longwood.  Copies  of  all  these  letters  appear  in  Verling's 
Journal,  and  can  be  read  there.  The  Rev.  E.  Brook- 
Jackson  possesses  the  original  draft  of  the  post-mortem 
report  in  the  handwriting  of  Dr  Thomas  Shortt.  A  very 
interesting  original  diary,  written  by  Mrs  Shortt,  dealing 
with  the  funeral  of  Napoleon,  and  social  matters,  belongs 
to  Mrs  Shortt.  Finally,  quite  recently  another  large 
series   of  original  documents   concerning  the    captivity 

236 


MANUSCRIPTS   RELATING  TO   CAPTIVITY 

has  been  discovered.  These  papers  belonged  to  Major 
Gorrequer,  were  deposited  in  the  Court  of  Chancery  in 
1881,  and  over  two  thousand  documents  exist  in  this 
series.  Since  the  "  Lowe  Papers  "  and  the  "  Gorrequer 
Documents"  are  of  great  importance  to  the  student,  a 
brief  account  of  their  contents  is  given  in  the  following 
pages. 

The  "Lowe  Papers" 

These  Papers,  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  volumes 
in  all,  are  in  the  Manuscript  Department  of  the  British 
Museum,  and  are  numbered  "Additional  Manuscripts," 
20,107-20,240.  The  volumes  deal  with  the  whole  public 
career  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and  include  all  the  letters, 
dispatches,  and  memoranda  which  passed  between  Lowe 
and  others.  The  volumes  numbered  20,107-20,114, 
20,134,  and  20,162-20,198  deal  with  Lowe's  work  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  the  Low  Country,  in  fact,  up 
to  the  year  1815.  The  remaining  eighty-eight  volumes 
deal  exclusively  and  exhaustively  with  the  period  of 
Napoleon's  captivity  in  St.  Helena,  and  in  this  volum- 
inous mass  of  material  is  recorded  practically  all  the 
official  information  relative  to  that  episode. 

Lowe  preserved  everything  he  received,  and  caused 
copies  to  be  taken  of  all  letters  he  wrote.  He  also  had 
minutes  executed  of  all  important  conversations  that  took 
place,  in  his  official  capacity,  with  the  people  at  Longwood, 
and  other  people  on  the  Island.  In  this  work  he  was 
ably  and  faithfully  served  by  his  A.D.C.,  Major  Gideon 
Gorrequer,  and  it  is  largely  owing  to  him  that  we  possess 
this  complete  account  of  the  captivity  of  Napoleon. 

Forsyth  used  these  papers  when  writing  his  history  of 
the  captivity  of  Napoleon,  (3  vols.    Published  May,  1853. 

237 


A   ST.   HELENA   WHO'S   WHO 

Murray),  and  in  1854  Lowe's  son  disposed  of  them  to  the 

British  Museum. 

The  following  list  indicates  the  nature  of  the  contents 

of  each  volume  dealing  with  St.  Helena  : — 

Vols.  20,115-20,133.  These  nineteen  volumes  contain 
copies  of  Lowe's  official  correspondence  with  the 
British  Government,  officers,  and  other  official  people 
on  the  Island.  They  also  contain  notes  of  the  six 
conversations  taking  place  between  Napoleon  and 
Lowe,  and  various  other  papers  relating  to  the  custody 
of  the  Emperor.     1816-1821. 

Vols.  20,135-20,140.  These  six  volumes  form  a  register 
of  letters  to  the  Secretary  of  War  and  other  official 
persons.     1816-1826. 

Vol.  20,141.  A  register  of  correspondence  with  Count 
Las  Cases,  Count  Bertrand,  and  General  Gourgaud. 
1816-1818. 

Vols.  20,142-20,144.  Three  volumes  of  entry  books  of 
conversations  between  Lowe  and  the  Orderly  Officers 
at  Longwood,  between  Napoleon  and  Lowe,  and  con- 
versations held  with  other  people.    1816-1821. 

Vol.  20,145.  Correspondence  between  Lowe  and  O'Meara, 
and  between  Gorrequer  and  O'Meara. 

Vol.  20,146.  Four  volumes  of  notes  of  conversations 
between  Lowe  and  O'Meara.  O'Meara's  letters  to 
Finlaison.  O'Meara's  account  of  Napoleon's  illness, 
and  Baxter's  observations  thereon. 

Vols.  20,147-20,150.  Copies  of  letters  written  by  Lowe 
to  Foreign  Stations  and  to  people  in  St.  Helena. 

Vols.  20,151-20,153.  Correspondence  between  Lowe  and 
the  Foreign  Commissioners,  viz.  Sturmer,  Balmain, 
and  Montchenu. 

238 


MANUSCRIPTS   RELATING  TO   CAPTIVITY 

Vol.  20,154.     Returns  and  pay  of  officers  and  men. 

Vol.  20,155.  Copies  of  examinations  and  depositions  of 
people  suspected  of  clandestine  correspondence  with 
Napoleon.     1816-1819. 

Vol.  20,156.  Bulletins  regarding  the  health  of  Napoleon 
by  Baxter  and  O'Meara. 

Vol.  20,157.  Substance  of  information  concerning  the 
last  illness  of  Napoleon,  communicated  by  Dr  Arnott. 

Vol.  20,158.  Miscellaneous  and  detached  letters  regarding 
Longwood. 

Vol.  20,159.  Instructions  to  the  officer  commanding 
the  Engineers  regarding  the  safe  custody  of  Napoleon. 

Vol.  20,160.  Correspondence  between  Admiral  Malcolm 
and  Jos.  Luson,  regarding  the  Cape  contracts. 

Vol.  20,161.  A  list  of  ships  calling  at  St.  Helena. 
1816-1821. 

Vols.  20,199-20,202.  Official  letters  from  Lord  Bathurst, 
Henry  Goulburn,  and  Sir  Henry  Bunbury.  1816- 
1823. 

Vol.  20,203.  Private  and  official  correspondence  of  Lowe 
and  Gorrequer  with  the  Foreign  Commissioners. 

Vol.  20,204.  Letters  relating  to  Napoleon  and  his 
attendants — seventy-three  letters. 

Vol.  20,205.  Letters  of  Admirals  Malcolm,  Plampin,  and 
Lambert  to  Lowe  with  reference  to  St.  Helena. 

Vol.  20,206.  Original  letters  of  Sir  George  Bingham  and 
General  Pine-Coffin  to  Lowe  regarding  matters  in 
St.  Helena. 

Vol.  20,207.  Letters  of  Sir  Thomas  Reade  and 
Gorrequer  to  Lowe. 

239 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

Vol.   20,208.     The   letters    of   the    Orderly   Officers  at 

Longwood    to    Lowe    and    Gorrequer    (Poppleton, 

Blakeney,  Lyster). 
Vol.  20,209.     Letters  of  Captain  Nicholls,  the  Orderly 

Officer  at  Longwood,  to  Gorrequer. 
Vol.  20,210.     The  journal  of  Captain  Nicholls,  Orderly 

Officer. 
Vol.  20,211.     The  letters   of  Captain  Lutyens,  Orderly 

Officer  at  Longwood.     (Recently  published.) 
Vol.  20,212.    Weekly  reports  of  Captain  Nicholls,  Orderly 

Officer. 
Vol.  20,213.     Letters  of  Rev.  Boys  and  Rev.  Vernon  to 

Lowe,  Reade,  and  Gorrequer. 
Vol.  20,214.     Sir  Thomas  Reade's  letters  to  Gorrequer 

and  Lowe.     Letters  from  Baxter,  O'Meara,  Verling, 

Antommarchi,    Arnott    to    Gorrequer    and    Lowe. 

Official   Report    of   appearances    at    the    P.M.    of 

Napoleon,    signed    by    the    five   doctors.     Henry's 

account  of  P.M.     Criticisms  of  Antommarchi's  book 

by  Rutledge. 
Vol.  20,215.     Extracts  from  Lowe's   conversations  with 

various  people. 
Vols.  20,216-20,217.     O'Meara's  letters  to  Jno.  Finlaison. 
Vol.    20,218.      Papers    relating    to    O'Meara's    charges 

against  Lowe. 

Vol.  20,219.     Napoleon's  observations  on  Earl  Bathurst's 
speech. 

Vols.  20,220-20,222.     Letters  of  Ibbetson,  Balcombe,  Cole, 
and  Darling  to  Gorrequer. 

Vol.  20,223.     Letters  of  Major  Anthony  Emmett  to  Lowe 
and  Gorrequer. 

240 


MANUSCRIPTS   RELATING   TO   CAPTIVITY 

Vols.   20,224-20,225.     Letters  of  military  officers  in  St. 

Helena  to  Lowe,  Gorrequer,  and  Reade. 
Vol.  20,226.     The  letters  of  Lord  Charles  Somerset  and 

Sir    Rufane    Shaw    Donkin    to    Lowe    concerning 

matters  at  the  Cape. 
Vol.  20,227.     Letters    of   Joseph    Luson    to   Gorrequer 

regarding  supplies  from  the  Cape. 
Vol.  20,228.     Letters  to  Lowe  from  J.  B.  Urmston  and 

Stott. 
Vol.  20,229.     An  account  of  the  disposal  of  the  furniture 

at  Longwood,  and  Lowe's  claim  to  certain  pieces. 
Vols.  20,230-20,232.     Affidavits  in  the  case  of  Lowe  v. 

O'Meara. 
Vol.  20,233.     Various  letters  concerning  St.  Helena. 
Vols.  20,234-20,235.       The    letters    of    Thomas    Brooke 

(Secretary  to  the  Council  in  St.  Helena)  to  Lowe, 

and  the  Council  Minutes. 
Vols.  20,236-20,239.     Letters  from  the  Directors  of  the 

H.E.I.C.  to  Lowe. 
Vol.  20,240.     Various  letters  and  papers. 

The  "  Gorrequer  Documents  " 
When  it  is  remembered  that  the  period  of  the  cap- 
tivity of  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena  has  been  subjected  to  a 
most  careful  scrutiny  by  many  students,  especially  during 
the  last  twenty  years,  it  would  be  thought  to  be  almost 
impossible  that  any  important  documents  relating  to 
that  time  could  have  escaped  the  painstaking  research 
that  has  been  undertaken.  But  quite  recently  a  new 
and  hitherto  unsuspected  series  of  manuscripts  has  been 
discovered.  It  has  been  found  that  Major  Gideon 
Gorrequer,  the  able  Military  Secretary  and  A.D.C. 
q  241 


A   ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  in  St.  Helena,  left,  after  his  death, 
a  very  large  collection  of  papers,  nearly  all  of  which  deal 
with  the  captivity  of  Napoleon.  The  discovery  arose  in 
the  following  way : — The  writer  applied  to  the  living 
representatives  of  Major  Gorrequer  for  permission  to 
copy  a  portrait  of  their  ancestor  if  they  had  one  in  their 
possession.  This  request  was  kindly  granted,  and  it  was 
then  stated  that  the  papers  of  Major  Gorrequer  were  in  the 
custody  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  having  been  deposited 
there  in  1881  by  an  order  of  the  court.  At  the  same 
time  it  was  said  that  the  judge  when  making  the  order 
remarked  that  the  documents  were  of  such  high  political 
importance  that  their  contents  had  better  not  be  disclosed. 
These  cryptic  remarks  of  the  judge  naturally  had  the 
effect  of  creating  in  the  writer  a  desire  to  learn  the  con- 
tents of  the  mysterious  packets  of  documents  which 
reposed  so  securely  in  the  vaults  of  the  Law  Courts. 
But  difficulties  at  once  arose.  The  exact  name  of  the 
suit,  by  which  alone  the  documents  could  be  traced, 
could  not  be  ascertained,  and  it  appeared  to  be  hopeless 
to  wade  through  the  endless  lists  of  causes,  when  even 
the  precise  year  was  unknown  in  which  this  particular 
one  came  on  for  hearing.  Able  and  expert  assistance, 
however,  was  kindly  rendered,  and  the  date  of  the  order 
committing  these  papers  to  the  care  of  the  Courts,  to- 
gether with  the  affidavits  relating  thereto,  was  discovered. 
The  order  for  the  deposition  of  the  "  Gorrequer  Docu- 
ments" in  the  Chancery  vaults  was  made  by  Vice- 
Chancellor  Bacon  on  December  9th,  1881,  in  the  suit 
of  Benn  v.  Griffith.  The  petition  was  supported  by 
affidavits,  the  most  important  of  which  was  one  sworn 
as  far  back  as  January  18th,  1855,  by  Julius  Dolmage, 
a  nephew  and  executor  of  Major  Gorrequer.      In  this 

242 


MANUSCRIPTS   RELATING   TO   CAPTIVITY 

affidavit  the  reason  is  given  for  desiring  that  the  papers  left 
by  Major  Gorrequer  should  not  be  dealt  with  except  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court.     The  affidavit  is  as  follows : — 

"There  came  into  my  possession,  as  executor  of 
Major  Gorrequer,  two  manuscript  books  in  the  hand- 
writing of  the  testator,  containing  entries  of  the  particulars 
of  various  communications,  conversations  and  occurrences 
of  which  the  testator  was  cognisant,  and  in  which  he  had 
taken  part  by  reason  of  his  office  of  Military  Secretary 
at  St.  Helena  during  the  captivity  there  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 

"  That  the  said  manuscript  books  also  contain  entries 
in  the  handwriting  of  the  testator,  being  the  particulars 
of  various  observations  and  remarks  of  the  testator 
upon  the  before-mentioned  communications,  conversations, 
and  occurrences. 

"  That  amongst  the  persons  named,  referred  to  or  re- 
presented as  parties  in  the  above-mentioned  communica- 
tions, conversations,  and  occurrences,  are  the  late  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  the  late  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  the  then  Governor 
of  St.  Helena,  the  late  Lord  Bathurst,  one  of  the  then 
principal  Secretaries  of  State  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
the  late  Mr  Barry  O'Meara,  and  the  testator  himself, 
besides  many  other  official  persons  employed  in  or  about 
the  said  Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  and 
other  persons  not  official. 

"  That  the  matters  of  the  said  entries  are  of  a  secret 
and  confidential  character,  have  reference  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  time,  and  are  of  such  a  nature,  personal  and 
political,  that  in  my  judgment  and  belief  the  disclosure 
or  publication  thereof  would  be  a  betrayal  of  confidence 
prejudicial  to  the  memory  of  the  testator,  and  therefore 
painful  to  the  feeling  of  myself  and  other  members  of 

243 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

the  family,  and  would  as  I  verily  believe  stir  up  dissatis- 
faction, and  deeply  wound  the  sensibilities  of  many  who 
by  family  or  otherwise  are  connected  with  the  persons 
named  or  referred  to  in  the  same  entries. 

"  That  a  high  Military  Officer,  who  was  a  well-known 
and  confidential  friend  of  the  testator,  stated  to  me,  on 
my  taking  occasion  to  mention  to  him  the  circumstances 
of  these  manuscript  books  having  come  to  my  hands, 
and  the  nature  of  their  contents,  that  they  should  be 
treated  as  secret  and  confidential,  and  on  no  account 
ought  to  be  parted  with  or  disclosed  or  made  known  to 
the  public. 

"  That  I  have  in  my  possession  a  chest  which  at  the 
same  time  as  aforesaid  came  into  my  hands  as  part  of  the 
effects  of  the  said  testator,  and  which  contains  a  variety 
of  correspondence  with  the  testator  while  in  his  said 
office  of  Military  Secretary  at  St.  Helena  and  referable 
thereto,  and  which  might  not  in  my  judgment  and  belief, 
for  the  reasons  I  have  stated,  be  disclosed  or  made  public. 

"  That  I  verily  believe  and  am  convinced  in  my  own 
mind  that  the  said  testator  would  never  have  disclosed 
or  made  known  to  the  public  the  matters  contained  in 
the  entries  in  the  said  manuscript  books,  or  in  the  said 
correspondence,  and  I  am  unwilling  to  part  with  the 
possession  or  to  disclose  the  contents  of  the  said  manu- 
script books  or  correspondence  without  the  order  and 
protection  of  this  Honourable  Court  for  my  so  doing." 

On  the  information  contained  in  the  foregoing 
affidavit,  Vice-Chancellor  Bacon,  therefore,  made  the 
order  to  keep  the  "  Gorrequer  Documents  "  in  the  safe 
custody  of  the  Court,  and  there  they  still  remain. 
Attached  to  the  order  is  a  schedule  which,  to  a  certain 

244 


UKIT.   HALF.  YOUNG  WORTHAM 


See  page  13S 


MANUSCRIPTS   RELATING   TO   CAPTIVITY 

extent,  describes  the  contents  of  the  various  packets. 
Some  few  of  the  papers  are  obviously  of  no  permanent 
value,  but  most  of  them  contain  matter  evidently  of  the 
greatest  interest  to  the  student. 

Of  chief  importance,  to  judge  from  the  stress  laid 
upon  them  in  the  foregoing  affidavit,  are  the  three  volumes 
of  Gorrequer's  private  diary,  numbered  in  the  schedule 
"D,"  "E,"  and  "F."  These  are  probably  the  volumes 
which  contain  the  accounts  of  the  conversations,  com- 
munications, and  occurrences,  together  with  Gorrequer's 
remarks  thereon,  which  are  deemed  in  the  affidavit  to  be 
of  such  great  political  significance. 

In  addition  to  the  three  volumes  of  the  private  diary, 
eight  volumes  of  memorandum  books,  numbered  in  the 
schedule  from  "  H  "  to  "  O,"  are  mentioned.  Since  in 
the  affidavit  no  specific  mention  is  made  of  these 
volumes,  it  is  probable  that  they  contain  nothing  of 
importance.  A  copy  of  Arnott's  book  also  exists  among 
the  documents. 

Next  comes  the  large  series  of  52  bundles  marked  from 
"  1 "  to  "  52,"  containing  in  all  2356  documents.  In  a  few 
instances  the  nature  of  these  documents  is  stated — thus,  No. 
40  contains  fifteen  quarterly  abstracts  of  accounts  concern- 
ing Napoleon's  establishment  at  Longwood  ;  No.  48,  eight 
copies  of  declarations  of  Napoleon's  servants ;  No.  49,  ten 
extracts  from  O'Meara's  health  reports  concerning 
Napoleon.  Bundles  marked  "11,"  "38,"  "48,"  "44," 
"  50,"  "  51,"  "  52  "  have  no  reference  to  St.  Helena,  and 
are  of  no  permanent  interest.  Therefore  forty-two 
bundles  remain  containing  about  two  thousand  documents, 
the  exact  nature  of  which  is  undisclosed.  A  guess,  how- 
ever, may  be  made  as  to  their  nature.  It  is  more  than 
probable  that  these  documents  consist  of  copies  of  all  the 

245 


A  ST.   HELENA  WHO'S   WHO 

official  correspondence  passing  between  Lowe  and  Lord 
Bathurst  on  the  one  hand,  and  Lowe  and  the  people  at 
Longwood  on  the  other.  All  of  this  correspondence  was 
copied  by  Gorrequer,  or  by  people  under  his  direction. 
He  was  so  occupied  with  his  secretarial  duties  that  he 
broke  down  on  one  occasion  for  several  weeks.  In  many 
cases  the  first  drafts  were  written  out  by  Gorrequer,  and 
then  were  written  and  rewritten  until  Lowe  thought  he 
had  arrived  at  the  exact  meaning  he  intended  to  convey. 
If  this  supposition  be  correct,  these  documents,  or  the 
greater  part  of  them,  exist  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers  "  and  are 
thus  well  known.  But  even  then  the  documents  are  well 
worth  a  search  in  case  they  may  explain  some  of  the  many 
intricacies  of  the  tortuous  policy  pursued  by  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe  and  Lord  Bathurst.  Of  course  these  bundles  may 
contain  a  new  set  of  documents,  for  it  is  well  known  that 
Lord  Bathurst  frequently  transmitted  dispatches  marked 
"private,"  and  Lowe  did  the  same.  These  do  not,  or 
very  few  of  them,  exist  in  the  "  Lowe  Papers,"  and  their 
contents  have  remained  unrevealed.  But  it  must  be 
remembered  that  whatever  passed  to,  or  from,  Lowe  was 
known  to  Gorrequer. 

With  regard  to  the  remarks  of  Vice-Chancellor  Bacon, 
it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  he  was  versed  in  the  subject 
of  the  documentation  of  the  captivity.  He  probably  had 
never  heard  of  the  "  Lowe  Papers  "  and  was  ignorant  of 
the  fact  that  all  the  official  documents  connected  with 
Napoleon  in  St.  Helena  reposed  in  the  British  Museum. 
It  is  quite  possible  that,  lacking  this  knowledge,  and 
learning  that  these  documents  comprised  an  almost 
complete  official  history  of  that  episode,  he  deemed  it 
proper  to  order  them  to  be  kept  in  the  custody  of  the 
Court. 

246 


MANUSCRIPTS   RELATING  TO   CAPTIVITY 

Gorrequer  was  outwardly  and  officially  a  whole- 
hearted supporter  of  Lowe  and  his  policy,  but  shrewd 
judges  of  character  like  Baron  Sturmer  described  him 
as  a  "sly  dog"  (finaud),  and  others  have  asserted  that, 
at  heart,  he  did  not  approve  of  many  of  the  acts  of  the 
British  administration  towards  Napoleon.  It  has  been 
admitted  by  all  that  he  knew  everything,  and  some  have 
gone  so  far  as  to  say  that  if  he  cared  to  speak  he  could 
throw  an  ugly  light  upon  many  parts  of  the  British 
policy.  At  any  rate  Gorrequer  could  never  in  after  life 
be  prevailed  upon  to  talk  about  the  St.  Helena  episode. 
All  this  makes  it  very  necessary  to  inspect  his  documents. 
Possibly  what  he  has  to  say  in  the  three  volumes  of  his 
diary  will  make  interesting  reading,  for  during  the 
captivity  social  peculiarities  of  the  people  on  the  Island 
gave  rise  to  much  scandal,  and  Gorrequer,  living  as  he  did 
at  Plantation  House,  would  hear  it  all.  One  would  like 
much  to  hear  his  impressions  of  Lowe,  and  Lady  Lowe, 
of  Plampin,  and  many  others.  Therefore  his  private 
diary  would  be  likely  to  yield  most  information,  and  an 
examination  of  the  bundles  of  documents  would  enable 
one  to  see  if  they  are  merely  copies  of  what  is  already 
known. 


247 


MARRIAGES  IN  ST.  HELENA 


The  following  list  of  marriages  has  been  extracted  from 
the  Registers  of  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths  kept  at 
the  India  Office.  These  Registers  extend  from  1767  to 
1834,  and  contain  an  almost  complete  record  of  all  who 
lived  on  the  Island  during  that  period.  The  extraordinary 
amount  of  intermarrying  that  took  place  makes  St.  Helena 
pedigrees  a  most  difficult  study,  and  even  an  expert 
genealogist  would  find  a  difficulty  in  tracing  the  exact 
relationship  existing  between  the  various  families.  In 
the  following  list  those  names  only  which  figure  in  the 
history  of  the  captivity  are  given : — 

Fred.  Alexander,  married  to  Eliz.  Greentree  in  1803. 


John  Barnes, 
William  Brabazon, 
Henry  Broadway, 
George  Blenkens, 
Richard  Barker, 
Onesiphorus  Beale, 
George  Boorman, 
James  Blunden, 
Jno.  Cruickshank, 
William  Carroll, 
J.  B.  Cole, 
C.  C.  Chesney, 
W.  W.  Doveton, 
Gabriel  Doveton, 
John  Ives  Edwards, 


248 


Mrs  Seale  in  1807. 
Eliz.  Mason  in  1807. 
Eliza  Torbett  in  1808. 
Mary  Bazett  in  1808. 
Anne  Seale  in  1809. 
Anne  De  Fountain,  1813. 
Mary  Murray  in  1814. 
Caroline  Newton  in  1819. 
Eliza  Greentree  in  1809. 
Matilda  Newton  in  1813. 
Charlotte  Young  in  1813. 
Sophia  Cauty  in  1818. 
Eleanor  Beale  in  1775. 
Mary  A.  Kennedy  in  1798. 
Mary  Anne  Robinson  in 
1817.    ("The  Nymph.") 


MARRIAGES   IN   ST.   HELENA 


Thomas  Greentree,  married 
William  Graaf,  „ 
Robert  Hodson,  „ 
Major  C.  R.  G.  Hod- 
son,  „ 
Capt.  B.  Hodson,  „ 
Daniel  Hamilton,  „ 

T.  M.  Hunter, 

Denzil  Ibbetson,  „ 

G.  W.  Janisch,  „ 

David  Kay,  „ 

John  Kay,  „ 

Wm.  Kingsmill,  „ 

Geo.  Voteur  Lambe,  „ 

Robert  Leech,  „ 

Abraham  Millington,  „ 

John  Nudd,  „ 

Henry  Porteous,  „ 

Hy.  HuffPritchard,  „ 
D.  K.  Pritchard, 

Hy.  HuffPritchard,  „ 

John  Robinson,  „ 

Wm.  Seale,  „ 

Francis  Seale,  „ 

Capt.  J.  E.  Shortis,  „ 

Saul  Solomon,  „ 
B.  A.  Wright, 

Charles  Weston,  „ 


to  Eliza  Doveton  in  1811. 
Adele  Belleville  in  1817. 
Eliz.  Bagley  in  1778. 

Maria  Doveton  in  1803. 
Harriett  Greentree  in  1810. 
Charlotte  Knipe  in  1820. 

("  The  Rosebud.") 
Phoebe  Solomon  in  1823. 
Martha  Kay  in  1819. 
Anne  Seale  in  1823. 
Clarissa    Chamberlain    in 

1809. 
Sophia  Leech  in  1812. 
Fanny  Pinnock  in  1817. 
Jane  Bagley  in  1770. 
Anne  Mason  in  1818. 
Catharine  Ward  in  1816. 
Eliza.  Mann  in  1819. 
Mary  Knipe  in  1808. 
Eliz.  Hodson  in  1808. 
Martha  Hodson  in  1812. 
Eliz.  Elayander  in  1822. 
Margt.  Torbett  in  1796. 
Anne  Greentree  in  1800. 
Charlotte     Greentree     in 

1805. 
Georgiana  Mellis  in  1814. 
Mary  Chamberlain  in  1815. 
Mary  De  Fountain  in  1771. 
Sarah  Yates  in  1803. 


249 


INDEX 


Abel,  Dr  Clarke,  history  of,  48 
Abell,    Mrs    Elizabeth.      See    Bal- 

combe,  Betsy- 
Administration  of  St.  Helena,  7-15 

expenses  of,  15 

Allison,  Frederick,  account  of,  157 
Amherst,   William  Pitt,   1st   Earl, 

account  of,  48 
Amusements  in  St.  Helena,  218 
Antommarchi,  Francesco,  as  artist, 

158 

account  of,  49 

Archambault,       Achille       Thomas 

L' Union,  history  of,  50 
Archambault,  Joseph  Olivier,  50 
Arnott,  Archibald,  as  artist,  158 

history  of,  51 

portrait  of,  5,  169 

Artillery,  the  St.  Helena,  officers 

of,  38,  39 
Artists  in  St.  Helena,  157-175 
See     also      Ibbetson,      Kerr, 

Marryat,  Rubidge,  Ward 


B 

"B.,"  "J.,"  as  artist,  158 
Bagge,  John,  158 
Balcombe,  Betsy,  history  of,  52 
Balcombe,  Mrs  Jane,  history  of,  52 

portrait  of,  6 

Balcombe,  William,  history  of,  52-54 

portrait  of,  5 

Balmain,  Alexandre   Antonovitch, 

Comte  de,  history  of,  54,  55 
Barnett,  Captain,  158 
Bathurst,  Earl,  short  account  of,  55 
Baxter,  Alexander,  8,  46 

history  of,  55-67 

portrait  of,  5,  170 

Bellasis,  George  Hutchens,  158 
Bennett,  George  Brooks,  history  of, 

57 
Bennett,  Captain  James,  history  of, 

57 


Bernards,  servants  to  the  Bertrands, 

58 
Bertrand,  Henri  Gratien,  General, 

Comte  de,  history  of,  58 
Bertrand,  Comtesse,  short  account 

of,  58 

visiting  list  of,  217 

Bertrands,  children  of,  58 
Bingham,    Brigadier  -  General    Sir 

George  Ridout,  account  of,  8,  58, 59 
Birmingham,  Lieut.  A.  W.,  account 

of,  59 
Blake,  E.  S.,  159 
Blakeney,  Captain  Henry   Pierce, 

account  of,  9,  26,  59,  60 
Booker,  Rev.  D.,  account  of,  60 
Boorman,  George,  account  of,  60,  61 
Bouges,  Etienne,  account  of,  61 
"  Bouton  de  Rose."     See  Knipe 
Bo  wen,  Captain  John,  account  of,  61 
Boys,  Major  R.  P.,  159 
Boys,  Rev.  Richard,  account  of,  61, 

220-234 

portrait  of,  6, 170 

rank  of,  in  society,  213 

Brabazon,     William,    account    of, 

61,62 
Breame,  Thomas,  account  of,  62 
letter   from    the    East   India 

Company  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  in 

in  connection  with,  179-186 
Briars,  The,  20,  53,  105,  114 

sketches  of,  161,  167 

Broadley,  A.  M.,  reference  to  books 

and  papers  by,  87, 117 

collection,  163,  167 

Brooke,  Thomas  Henry,  account  of, 

62,63 
Brook- Jackson,  Rev.  E.,  collection 

of,  5,  126,  156 
Brown,  Captain  Thomas,  account 

of,  63 
Bullock,  George,  account  of,  63 
Buonavita,  Abbe^  Antonio,  account 

of,  64 
Burton,  Francis,  as  artist,  159 

account  of,  33,  64,  65 

portrait  of,  5,  171 


251 


INDEX 


c 


"O.,"  "E.  T.,"  as  artist,  159 
Carr,  Thomas,  account  of,  65 
Carrol,  William,  65 
Chandelier,    Jacques,    account    of, 

65 
Chesney,  Lieut.    H.    C.  Cornelius, 

65 
Chinaman,  a,  as  artist,  159 
Cipriani,  account  of,  66 
Civil  Administrators,  10, 11 
Clavering,  Lady,  66 
Climate,  effect   of   St.  Helena,  on 

longevity,  187 
Cockburn,  Rear- Admiral  SirGeorge, 

account  of,  9,  41,  66,  67 
Cole,  Joseph,  67 
Commanding  officers  in  St.  Helena, 

8 
Conqueror,  H.M.S.,  officers  of,  44, 

45 

See  also  Plampin  and  Stanfell 

Cooper,  the  "  one-eyed,"  67 
Corbett,  Miss  E.  M.,  159 
Council,  members  of,  list  of,  10 

rank  of,  in  society,  212 

Coursot,  Jacques,  account  of,  67 
Croad,    Lieut.    Frederick,    account 

of,  68 
Crokat,  Captain  William,  as  artist, 

159 

account  of,  9,  34,  68-70 

portrait  of,  5 


D 


"D.,""  J.,"  as  artist,  160 

Dacre,  Captain  G.  H.,  account  of, 

70 
Darling,  Andrew,  account   of,  70, 

71 
Darroch,  Duncan,  account  of,  71 
David,  account  of,  71 
Davie,  Captain  John,  account  of, 

71 
Davis,  Samuel,  160 
De    Fountain,    John,    account    of, 

71,72 
Denman,  Captain  Edmund,  account 

of,  72 
Dillon,  Captain  W.  H,  account  of, 

72 
Distances,  principal,  in  St.  Helena, 

19 
Dodgin,  Major  Daniel,  account  of, 

72 


Dodgin,  Captain  Henry  Duncan,  as 
artist,  160 

account  of,  72 

Dove,  account  of,  73 

Doveton,  Sir  William  Webber,  ac- 
count of,  10,  73 


E 


East    India    Company    and    Sir 

Hudson  Lowe,  176-186 
Ellis,  Right  Honourable  Sir  Henry, 

account  of,  73 
Emmett,  Major  Anthony,  as  artist, 

160 

account  of,  8,  40,  46,  74,  75 

Engineer  Officers,  40 

See  also  Emmett  and  Wortham 

Erskine,  David,  160 


F 


Factors,  list  of,  11 

rank  of,  in  society,  212 

salaries  of,  14 

Fagan,  Lieut. -Colonel  Christopher, 

account  of,  75 
Families,  principal,  when  Napoleon 

arrived,  213 
Farquhar,  Sir  Robert,  75 
Fehrzen,  Major  Oliver  George,  ac- 
count of,  75,  76 
Festing,   Captain  Robert  Worgan 

George,  account  of,  76 
Finlaison,  John,  account  of,  77 
Flag,   makers   of,   for   the   second 

funeral  of  Napoleon,  111 
Flag-ships  stationed  at  St.  Helena, 

41-47 
Foley,  Captain,  160 
Forrest,  Captain,  view  by,  161 
Forsyth,  William,  account  of,  77 
Fremeaux,  Paul,  reference  to  book 

by,  129 

G 

Gentilini,  Angelo,  account  of,  77 

Gordon,  William.    See  Cooper 

Gorrequer,  Major  Gideon,  arrival 
of,  46 

history  of,  8,  77-79 

portrait  of,  5, 171 

documents,  241-247 

Gors,  Captain  Jean  Claude  de,  ac- 
count of,  79 

Goulburn,  Henry,  account  of,  79 


252 


INDEX 


Gourgaud,  Gaspard,  General  Baron 
de,  account  of,  79,  80 

sketches  by,  161 

Graham,  J.,  views  by,  161 
Grant,  Robert,  account  of,  80,  205 
Gray,  Captain  James,  account  of,  80 
Greatly,  Captain  Thomas,  80,  81 
Greentree,. Thomas,  11,  81 


H 


"H.,"  "A.,"  sketches  by,  161 
Hall,  Captain  Basil,  history  of,  81 
Hall,  James,  account  of,  81 
Hall,  Miss  Mary,  account  of,  82 
Hamilton,  Captain  Gawen  William, 

account  of,  82 
Harding,  J.  D.,  portrait  of  Napoleon 

by,  162 
Harrison,  Captain  Charles,  account 

of,  8,  82,  83 
Hasting,  Captain,  views  by,  162 
Heathorn,  Henry,  83 
Hendry,  Captain  William,  account 

of,  83 
Henry,  Walter,  history  of,  83,  84 

portrait  of,  6 

Hoath,  J.  W.,  account  of,  9,  84 
Hodson,     Major     Charles     Robert 

George,  account  of,  84,  85 
letter  from   East  India   Com- 
pany  to    Sir   Hudson    Lowe,    in 

connection  with,  178-186 

portrait  of,  6 

Hodson,  Mrs  Maria,  account  of,  85 

portrait  of,  6 

Holmes,  William,  account  of,  85, 86, 

201,  202,  203 
Hook,  Theodore,  account  of,  86 
Horse-racing  in  St.  Helena,  218,  219 
Hospitals,  deputy  inspectors  of,  8 
Hotham,    Captain   George,    sketch 

by,  162 
Huggins,  W.  J.,  view  by,  162 


Ibbbtson,  Denzil,  history  of,  86,  87 
portraits  by,  162 


Jackson,  Lieut.-Colonel  Basil,   ac- 
count of,  9,  46,  87,  88 
views  by,  163 


Jackson,  Major  Edward,  account  of, 

88,89 
Janisch,  William,  account  of,  89 
Johnson,  Miss  Charlotte,  46,  89 
Johnson,  Captain  J.,  views  by,  163 
Johnson,  Miss  Susanna,  89 
Jones,  Captain  Jenkin,  account  of, 

89,90 
Jones,    Rev.    Samuel,   account   of, 

90,91 


Kay,  David,  account  of,  91 
Keating,  Sir  Henry  Sheehy,  account 

of,  91 
Kerr,  John,  account  of,  92 

pictures  by,  164 

Kitts,  92 

Knipe,  Miss,  account  of,  92 

Knowles,    Sir    Lees,    reference    to 

book  by,  98, 170 


Lacet,  92 

Ladies,  principal,  during  the  cap- 
tivity, 214-217 

Lambert,  Rear  -  Admiral  Robert, 
history  of,  10,  46,  92,  93 

Lane,  Jeremiah,  93 

Langley,  Captain,  portrait  by,  164 

La  Roche,  93 

Las  Cases,  Emanuel  Auguste  Dieu- 
donne  Marius  Joseph,  Marquis  de, 
account  of,  94 

Las  Cases,  Emanuel  Pons  Dieu- 
donne,  Comte  de,  account  of,  94 

plan  of  Longwood  by,  164 

Lascelles,  Lieut.-Colonel  Edmund, 
account  of,  94,  195-200 

Le  Page,  Michel,  94 

Ley,  Samuel,  94 

Livingstone,  Matthew,  account  of, 
95 

Longwood,  19,  105 

names  of  residents  at,  16,  17, 

18 

effect  of  climate  on  the  lon- 
gevity of  residents  of,  187 

New  House,  20 

Loudoun,  Countess  of,  account  of,  96 

Lowe,  Sir  Hudson,  account  of,  8, 10, 
46,98 

and  his  connection  with   the 

East  India  Company,  176-186 

abolition  of  slavery  by,  233,  234 

253 


INDEX 


Lowe,  Sir  Hudson,  Sir  Henry  Rus- 
sell's opinion  of,  124 

Lowe  v.  O'Meara,  list  of  those  who 
made  affidavits,  210 

Lowe,  Lady,  account  of,  96 

"  Lowe  Papers,"  particulars  of  the, 
235-241 

Luard,  Major  John,  views  by, 
164 

Lutyens,  Capt.  Engelbert,  account 
of,  9,  34,  97 

Lyster,  Lieut.  -  Colonel  Thomas, 
account  of,  9,  46,  98 


M 


McCarthy,    Charles,    account   of, 

98 
MacLeod,  John,  account  of,  99 
Malcolm,  Lady  Clementina,  account 

of,  99 
Malcolm,    Rear-Admiral    Sir    Pul- 

teney,  account  of,  9,  43,  99 
Manning,  account  of,  100 
Mansel,  Lt. -Colonel  John,  account 

of,  23,  100 

portrait  of,  5 

Manuscripts  relating    to    the   cap- 
tivity, 235-247 

See  also  References 

Marchand,  Louis,  account  of,  101 

view  by,  164 

Marriages  in  St.  Helena,  248,  249 
Marryat,  Captain  Frederick,  account 

of,  101 

pictures  by,  164 

Martin,  Mrs,  account  of,  101 
Mason,  Miss  Polly,  account  of,  101, 

102 
Mason's    Stock  House,   what  hap- 
pened at,  195-199,  205-209 
Masson,     FrecLeric,     reference     to 

books   by,  50,  55,  58,  64,  86,  103, 

170 
Maxwell,   Sir  Murray,  account  of, 

102 
Medical  Superintendents,  13 
Merchants,  senior  and  junior,   list 

of,  11 

rank  of,  in  society,  212 

salaries  of,  14 

Metcalf,  James,  account  of,  102 
Meynell,   Captain   Henry,   account 

of,  102 
Military     administrators     of     St. 

Helena,  8,  9 


Military  camps,  21 

Millington,  Abraham,  account  of, 

102 
Mitchell,  Charles,  account  of,  103 
Monkhouse,  J.,  sketch  by,  165 
Montchenu,   Claude   Marin   Henri, 

Marquis  de,  account  of,  103 
Montholon,  Charles  Tristan,  Comte 

de,  account  of,  103,  104 
plan  of  Longwood  gardens  by, 

165 
Morality,  state  of,   in  St.   Helena, 

231 
Mortality  tables  of  St.  Helena  in- 
habitants, 190-194 
Murray,    Captain    James    Arthur, 

account  of,  104 


N 


Nagle,  Lieut.  Michael,  account  of, 

104,  105 
Napoleon  at  "The  Briars,"  53 

dates  connected  with,  105 

death  of,  153 

events  after  the  death  of,  153, 

154 
death-mask  of,  49,  64,  65,  71, 123, 

166,232 
funeral  of,  155 

passenger    in    H.M.S.    North- 
umberland, 42 

names  of  people  received  by, 

142-152 

post-mortem  of,  154 

post-mortem  reports  of,  156 

account  of  prayer  meetings  for 

the  salvation  of  the  soul  of,  205 

portraits  of.    See  under  Artists 

construction  of  tomb  of,  155 

Sir  Hudson  Lowe's  visits  to,  96 

Naval  administrators,  list  of,  9,  10 
Newcastle,      H.M.S.,      officers     of, 

and  passengers  in,  43 

See  also  Malcolm 

Nicholls,  Captain  George,   account 

of,  9,  31,  105,  106 
Nicol,  Colonel  Charles,  account  of, 

106,  107 
Northumberland,   H.M.S.,   history 

and  officers  of,  41,  42 

passengers  in,  42 

See  also  Cockburn  and  Ross 

Noverraz,  Jean  Abram,  account  of, 

107 
Nudd,  John,  account  of,  107 
Nymph,  the.    See  Robinson 


254: 


INDEX 


Oakes,  Captain  Orbell,  account  of, 
107,108 

Obins,  Major  Hamlet,  account  of, 
108 

O'Meara,  Barry  Edward,  history  of, 
108-110 

list  of  those  who  made  affida- 
vits in  the  case  of  Lowe  v.,  210 

Orderly  officers  at  Longwood,  list 
of,  9 

Owen,  Mrs,  account  of,  110,  111 


Paine,  John,  account  of,  111 
Paine,  Mrs  Ursula,  account  of,  111, 

112 
Phaeton,    H.M.S.,    officers  of   the, 

and  passengers  in  the,  45,  46 

See  also  Stanfell 

Phelps,  Captain  H.  J.,  drawing  by, 

Pierron,  account  of,  112 

Pine-Coffin,  Brigadier-General,  ac- 
count of,  8,  112 

Piontkowski,  Captain  Charles 
Frederic  Jules,  account  of,  112 

Plampin,  Rear- Admiral  Robert,  his- 
tory of,  10,  44,  112-115 

the  Rev.  Mr  Boys  on  the  behav- 
iour of,  222-230 

portrait  of,  5 

Plantation  House,  19 

Pocock,  Lieut.  W.  Innes,  drawings 
by,  165 

Points,  highest,  in  St.  Helena, 
19 

Poppleton,  Captain  Thomas  Wil- 
liam, account  of,  9,  24,  115, 
116 

Population,  constitution  of,  15 

Porteous,  Henry,  account  of,  116 

house  of,  20,  105 

Portraits,  list  of,  in  "Who's  Who,"  5 

of  people  connected  with  the 

captivity,  169-175 

Post-mortem  reports.  See  under 
Napoleon 

Power,  Major  James,  account  of, 
9,  40,  116 

Pritchard,  Major.  See  letter  from 
the  East  India  Company  to  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe  in  connection  with, 
182,  183 


R 


Raffles,  Sir  Thomas  Stamford, 
account  of,  116,  117 

Rainsford,  Thomas,  account  of, 
117 

Read,  Lieut.  R.  P. ,  map  by,  165 

Reade,  Sir  Thomas,  account  of,  8, 
46, 117,  118 

portrait  of,  5 

Reardon,  Lieut.  Rodolphus  Hobbs, 
account  of,  118, 119 

the  case  of,  195-204 

portrait  of,  6 

References,  3,  4,  7,  14,  15,  25,  33,  36, 
39,  42,  44,  45,  46,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51, 
52,  55,  60,  63,  64,  65,  67,  70,  72,  73, 
74,  79,  80,  81,  89,  95,  96,  98,  99,  100, 
101,  103,  114,  122,  124,  125,  126,  131, 
135,  138,  154,  162,  163,  170,  186,  187, 
194,  201,  205,  210,  212,  214,  217,  218, 
224,  230,  234,  248.  See  also  Antom- 
marchi,  Broadley,  Forsyth,  Fr6- 
meaux,  Henry,  Hook,  Las  Cases, 
Manuscripts,  Masson,  O'Meara, 
Russell,  Shorter,  Verling,  Ward, 
Warden,  Watson,  Wilks,  Wood, 
Young 

Regiment,  20th  Foot,  history  of, 
33-36 

53rd  Foot  (2nd  Batt.),  list  of, 

22-25 

66th  Foot  (1st  Batt),  history 

of,  29-32 

66th  Foot  (2nd  Batt.),  history 

of,  26-29 

St.  Helena  Foot,  officers  of,  37, 

38 

Regiments  in  St.  Helena,  history 
of,  22-40 

British,  mortality  tables  of,  190 

St.  Helena,  history  of,  36-40 

St.  Helena,  mortality  returns 

of,  192 

Residences,  principal,  in  St.  Helena, 
19,  20,  21 

Residents  in  St.  Helena,  effect  of 
climate  on  the  longevity  of, 
188 

mortality  tables  of,  192 

Retherwick  (or  Radovitch),  account 
of,  120 

Rich,  Captain  George  Frederick, 
account  of,  120 

Ricketts,  Charles  Milner,  account 
of,  120 

Robinson,  Miss,  account  of,  120 

Robson,  Rev.  Thomas,  account  of, 
121 


255 


INDEX 


Ross,  Captain  Charles  Bayne  Hodg- 
son, history  of,  121,  122 

portrait  of,  5 

Rous,  Captain  Henry  John,  account 
of,  122,  123 

See  also  Horse-racing 

Rousseau,  Theodore,  account  of,  123 

Rubidge,  Joseph  William,  account 
of,  123 

portrait  by,  166 

Russell,  Lady,  references  to  Swallow- 
field  and  its  Owners  by,  50,  96, 
123,  124 

Russell,  Sir  Charles,  account  of, 
123 

Russell,  Sir  Henry,  account  of,  123 

Rutledge,  George  Henry,  history 
of,  36,  124,  125 


S 


St.  Denis,  Louis  Etienne,  account 

of,  129 
St.  Helena,  history  and  adminis- 
tration of,  7 
Salt,  Henry,  view  by,  166 
Santini,    Jean    Giovan-Natale,    ac- 
count of,  125 
Scott,  James,  account  of,  125 
Seale,  Major  R.  F.,  account  of,  126 
Shorter,     Clement,     reference     to 

books  and  papers  by,  63,  86,  101, 

122,  135 
Shortt,  Mrs  Henrietta,  reference  to 

letters  and  diary  by,  92,  97,  236 

views  by,  166 

Shortt,  Thomas,  account  of,  8,  126 

portrait  of,  5 

See  also  Napoleon,  post-mortem 

reports 
Silk,  Dr  J.  F.,  5,  56 
Skelton,  John,  account  of,  126,  127 
Skelton,    Mrs    Mary    Moore   Casa- 

major,  account  of,  127 

portrait  of,  6 

Slavery,  abolition  of,  in  St.  Helena, 

233,234 
Society  in  St.  Helena  during  the 

captivity,  211-219 
Solomon,  Saul,  account  of,  127,  128 
Sowerby,  account  of,  128 
Spencer,  Captain  Robert  Cavendish, 

account  of,  128 
Stanfell,  Captain  Francis,  account 

of,  128,  129 
Stewart,  Major  Ludovic,  sketch  by, 

166 


Stokoe,  John,  account  of,  44, 129 

reference  to  autobiographical 

manuscript  of,  114 

Sturmer,  Barthelenay,  Baron  de, 
account  of,  129,  130 

Surgeons,  list  of,  13,  14,  49 

Army,  29,  33,  36,  40 

in  the  flag-ships,  41,  42,  43,  45 

connected      with      Napoleon's 

health.  See  Antommarchi,  Ar- 
nott,  Baxter,  Burton,  Henry, 
Livingstone,  Mitchell,  O'Meara, 
Rutledge,  Shortt,  Stokoe,  Verling 

Swallowneld  and  its  Owners.  See 
Russell 


Taylor,  account  of,  130 
Tobin,  Captain,  views  by,  167 
Topography  of  St.  Helena,  19 
Torbett,  Richard,  account  of,  130 


U 


Urmston,  James  Brabazon,  account 
of,  130,  131 


Verling,  James  Roche,  history  of, 
40,  131,  132 

portrait  of,  6 

Vernon,  Rev.  Bowater  James,  ac- 
count of,  132 

Vesey,  Henrietta  (or  Esther),  ac- 
count of,  132,  133 

Vidal,  Emmeric  Essex,  water-colours 
by,  167 

Vignali,  Abbe"  Ange,  account  of,  133 

Vigo,  H.M.S.,  officers  of,  46,  47 

See  also  Lambert 

Visitors  received  by  Napoleon, 
names  of,  142-152 


W 

Wallis,   Captain   James,    account 

of,  133,  134 
Ward,    Ensign   John,   account   of, 

134,135 

sketch  and  medallion  by,  168 

Warden,  William,  account  of,  135 
Warren,  John,  account  of,  135 
Wathen,  James,  views  by,  168 


256 


INDEX 


Watson,  G.  L.  de  St.  M.,  reference 
to  books  by,  3,  64,  86,  112,  123,  166, 
232 

Welle,  Philippe,  account  of,  135 

Welsh,  George,  sketch  by,  168 

Wilks,  Mrs  Dorothy,  account  of, 
136,  137 

Wilks,  Miss  Laura,  account  of,  136 

Wilks,  Colonel  Mark,  account  of,  136 

portrait  of,  5 

Wood,  Lieut.  George  Horsley,  ac- 
count of,  137,  138 

account  of  what  happened  at 

Mason's  Stock  House,  205-209 

Wortham,  Lieut.  Hale  Young,  ac- 
count of,  40,  46,  138,  139 

portrait  of,  6 


Writers,  list  of,  11 

salaries  of,  14 

rank  of,  in  society,  213 

Wynyard,   Colonel  Edward  Buck- 
ley, account  of,  8,  139 


Young,    Norwood,    assistance    of, 

5,235 
Younghusband,     Captain     Robert, 

account  of,  139-141 
Younghusband,   Captain    William, 

account  of,  141 


B 


257 


Printed  in  Great  Britain  by 
The  Riverside  Press  Limited,  Edinburgh 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


3 


0CT1 01983 

SEp19l983l2 


Series  9482 


3  1205  00546  6261   Q 


